Created by Jamie Otten
almost 7 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Perception | Process by which people understand what's being represented by info from senses |
top-down processes | factors (memory, emotion, context, etc.) that affect perception of info |
phonemic restoration | filling in missing words. Person reports hearing words that weren't said, result of prior knowledge. If played backwards, coughs are detected, because restoration can't happen. |
illusionary contours | visual illusion of seeing shapes despite only having suggestions of their outlines. |
degraded figures | filling in gaps to see a sensible image in a scene that doesn't make sense to look at literally; e.g. dog in grass, blotched picture |
perceptual set | readiness to interpret stimuli in particular way as result of experience, expectations, and psychological state |
perceptually ambiguous figures | figure which is interpreted differently depending on the context; e.g. THE CAT where H and A are identical; vase/faces image |
Stratton | researcher who wore goggles to see the world upside down, adjusted after a few days. Prompts philosophical questions about realness of our reality. |
perceptual constancy | where sensed information is different, but our perception remains constant. Occurs in size (perceive distance), shape (perceive movement), colour and brightness (perceive light differences) |
brightness contrast | perceived brightness depends on brightness of object as well as surrounding brightness. Leads to illusions of two objects of same shade being perceived as differing as result of differing brightness of surroundings. |
absolute distance | distance between observer and object |
relative distance | distance between objects (not observer) |
binocular depth cues | features that indicate depth which require two eyes. include: convergence and binocular retinal disparity |
convergence | the eyes move closer together as an object grows closer. Muscle strain indicates the depth of the object. |
binocular retinal disparity | distance between the images sensed by each eye. Images closer together -> distance. Recall 3D images. |
monocular depth cues | features that indicate depth which require one eye. Include: motion parallax, linear perspective, texture gradient, and aerial perspective |
motion parallax | in moving objects. closer objects appear to move faster |
relative size | requires prior knowledge of objects size. Change in sensed size indicates difference in distance (person isn't growing, but is approaching) |
linear perspective | apparent convergence of parallel lines (at vanishing point) indicates depth of lines |
texture gradient | farther objects are seen with less detail, and seem more densely-packed |
aerial perspective | usually ouside. farther objects are fuzzy as result of moisture/particles in the air. e.g. haze |
occulsion | obstruction of objects by other objects indicates that one is closer than the other |
Muller-Lyer illusion | result of experience with rooms with right angles. interaction between perception and memory causes illusion. |
Ponzo illusion |
result of linear perspective cue
Image:
Ponzo Illusion (image/gif)
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Ames room illusion | all depth cues indicate people in room have same absolute distance. |
auditory perception cues | ability to locate source of sound. Innate. Difference in intensity detected by each ear; overall intensity; difference in arrival time of signal in each ear |
detecting moving objects | if observer is moving, the background of the observed object will move less than if the object was moving. Changes in the sensed intensity of sound detected in each ear indicates movement |
detecting stationary objects | voluntary eye movements are compensated for by perceptual system. if eye is otherwise moved (e.g. with hand), doesn't compensate -> perceive movement. |
apparent motion | successive motionless images causes the perceptual system to fill in gaps and perceive movement (e.g. animation) |
phi-phenomenon | successive flashing movements, perceieved that the light is 'moving' (e.g. construction traffic lights) |
induced motion | surrounding objects are moving in single direction, stationary object appears to be moving in opposite direction |
motion after-effect | after moving for a long period of time, the surroundings seem to be moving in opposite direction slightly. Result of cells becoming accustomed to taking in specific kind of information. |
feature analysis | bottom-up process. Different feature detectors within ganglion cells fire when specific stimulus is presented. Memory also integrated. e.g. horizontal line + diagonal lines = letter A |
Gestalt | top-down process of perceiving form. Suggests that bc system 'fills in gaps', it seeks a complete, holistic interpretation, not focus on specific parts. Leads to perceptually ambiguous figures and sounds |
principles of Gestalt psychology in visual perception | figure/ground distinction causing some things to stand out grouping principles: proximity (columns vs rows), good continuation (path of least resistance), and closure (assume rest of triangle) |
principles of Gestalt psychology in sound perception | figure-ground (speaker vs audience) grouping principles: temporal proximity (melody), good continuation, closure (broken-up radio announcer) |
Gestalt | specific organisation which can be 'flipped' in ambiguous figures to perceive two different interpretations. Can't perceive multiple at the same time |
Insight problems | Result of conscious assumptions about how a problem should be solved. Commonly result of experience. Must be removed to solve (form new Gestalt), may be done through 'priming' pps to see problem a specific way |
Evidence that perceptual organisation is result of nature | Visual cliff: @ 6 months, perceive depth cues, won't go to beckoning mother if perceiving a cliff between them Newborns show preference for (spend more time looking at) human faces |
Evidence that perceptual organisation is result of nurture | Feature detector cells can be trained to be sensitive to specific orientations (e.g. kittens & contours) Perceptual adaption (Stratton's goggles) Differentiation (doctors w/ specific diseases, reading) |
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