INTRO: Perception

Question	Answer
Perception	Process by which people understand what's being represented by info from senses
top-down processes	factors (memory, emotion, context, etc.) that affect perception of info
phonemic restoration	filling in missing words. Person reports hearing words that weren't said, result of prior knowledge. If played backwards, coughs are detected, because restoration can't happen.
illusionary contours	visual illusion of seeing shapes despite only having suggestions of their outlines.
degraded figures	filling in gaps to see a sensible image in a scene that doesn't make sense to look at literally; e.g. dog in grass, blotched picture
perceptual set	readiness to interpret stimuli in particular way as result of experience, expectations, and psychological state
perceptually ambiguous figures	figure which is interpreted differently depending on the context; e.g. THE CAT where H and A are identical; vase/faces image
Stratton	researcher who wore goggles to see the world upside down, adjusted after a few days. Prompts philosophical questions about realness of our reality.
perceptual constancy	where sensed information is different, but our perception remains constant. Occurs in size (perceive distance), shape (perceive movement), colour and brightness (perceive light differences)
brightness contrast	perceived brightness depends on brightness of object as well as surrounding brightness. Leads to illusions of two objects of same shade being perceived as differing as result of differing brightness of surroundings.
absolute distance	distance between observer and object
relative distance	distance between objects (not observer)
binocular depth cues	features that indicate depth which require two eyes. include: convergence and binocular retinal disparity
convergence	the eyes move closer together as an object grows closer. Muscle strain indicates the depth of the object.
binocular retinal disparity	distance between the images sensed by each eye. Images closer together -> distance. Recall 3D images.
monocular depth cues	features that indicate depth which require one eye. Include: motion parallax, linear perspective, texture gradient, and aerial perspective
motion parallax	in moving objects. closer objects appear to move faster
relative size	requires prior knowledge of objects size. Change in sensed size indicates difference in distance (person isn't growing, but is approaching)
linear perspective	apparent convergence of parallel lines (at vanishing point) indicates depth of lines
texture gradient	farther objects are seen with less detail, and seem more densely-packed
aerial perspective	usually ouside. farther objects are fuzzy as result of moisture/particles in the air. e.g. haze
occulsion	obstruction of objects by other objects indicates that one is closer than the other
Muller-Lyer illusion	result of experience with rooms with right angles. interaction between perception and memory causes illusion. Image: Mullerlyer Illusia (image/gif)
Ponzo illusion	result of linear perspective cue Image: Ponzo Illusion (image/gif)
Ames room illusion	all depth cues indicate people in room have same absolute distance. Image: 5132242358 42134a1434 B (image/jpeg)
auditory perception cues	ability to locate source of sound. Innate. Difference in intensity detected by each ear; overall intensity; difference in arrival time of signal in each ear
detecting moving objects	if observer is moving, the background of the observed object will move less than if the object was moving. Changes in the sensed intensity of sound detected in each ear indicates movement
detecting stationary objects	voluntary eye movements are compensated for by perceptual system. if eye is otherwise moved (e.g. with hand), doesn't compensate -> perceive movement.
apparent motion	successive motionless images causes the perceptual system to fill in gaps and perceive movement (e.g. animation)
phi-phenomenon	successive flashing movements, perceieved that the light is 'moving' (e.g. construction traffic lights)
induced motion	surrounding objects are moving in single direction, stationary object appears to be moving in opposite direction
motion after-effect	after moving for a long period of time, the surroundings seem to be moving in opposite direction slightly. Result of cells becoming accustomed to taking in specific kind of information.
feature analysis	bottom-up process. Different feature detectors within ganglion cells fire when specific stimulus is presented. Memory also integrated. e.g. horizontal line + diagonal lines = letter A
Gestalt	top-down process of perceiving form. Suggests that bc system 'fills in gaps', it seeks a complete, holistic interpretation, not focus on specific parts. Leads to perceptually ambiguous figures and sounds
principles of Gestalt psychology in visual perception	figure/ground distinction causing some things to stand out grouping principles: proximity (columns vs rows), good continuation (path of least resistance), and closure (assume rest of triangle)
principles of Gestalt psychology in sound perception	figure-ground (speaker vs audience) grouping principles: temporal proximity (melody), good continuation, closure (broken-up radio announcer)
Gestalt	specific organisation which can be 'flipped' in ambiguous figures to perceive two different interpretations. Can't perceive multiple at the same time
Insight problems	Result of conscious assumptions about how a problem should be solved. Commonly result of experience. Must be removed to solve (form new Gestalt), may be done through 'priming' pps to see problem a specific way
Evidence that perceptual organisation is result of nature	Visual cliff: @ 6 months, perceive depth cues, won't go to beckoning mother if perceiving a cliff between them Newborns show preference for (spend more time looking at) human faces
Evidence that perceptual organisation is result of nurture	Feature detector cells can be trained to be sensitive to specific orientations (e.g. kittens & contours) Perceptual adaption (Stratton's goggles) Differentiation (doctors w/ specific diseases, reading)

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	Created by Jamie Otten over 6 years ago