Medicine Principles - Histology

Question	Answer
What are the four main tissue types?	Connective Tissue Epithelium Muscle Nervous Tissue
Where do you find Epithelium?	Epithelia cover surfaces of the body and line hollow organs. They also form glands.
How is epithelium found?	Epithelium is found as sheets of cells and vary widely in size and shape.
Why do epithelium form sheets of cells?	Adhesion between the molecules is strong, thus forming sheets with minimal intercellular space.
What are characteristics of all epithelium?	All have a basal lamina (basement membrane). All are non-vascular They are mostly polarised.
What is an organ made of Epithelium?	The Liver
What are some functions of epithelium?	Mechanical Barrier Chemical Barrier Absorption Secretion Containment Locomotion
What are the three epithelial cell shapes?	Squamous - Flattened Cuboidal - Cube Shaped Columnar - Column Shaped
What are the terms for: One Layer Two or more Layers Appears to have multiple layers but all are in contact with basal lamina?	One Layer - 'Simple' Two or More Layers - 'Stratified' Appears to have multiple layers but all are in contact with basal lamina - 'Pseudostratified'
What is produced by glandular epithelia?	It produces secretory products e.g: Sweat Milk Oil Hormones Mucous
What are Endocrine glands and what is an example?	They secrete the product towards the basal end and then distribute it through the vascular system. E.g. Anterior Pituitary
What are exocrine glands and what is an example?	They secrete the product towards the apical end and then into the lumen or into a duct or the body surface. E.g. Large Intestine or Sebaceous glands
Which of Endocrine and Exocrine are 'ductless' and which is 'ducted'?	Endocrine - Ductless Exocrine - Ducted
What are the two* types of connective tissue and an example of each?	Soft connective tissue - Tendons, Ligaments, stroma etc. Hard connective tissue - Bone and Cartilage *Blood and Lymph
What types of cells are found in connective tissue?	Fibroblasts Adipose cells - fat cells Osteocytes - cells of bone Chondrocytes - cells of cartilage
What are the two types of soft connective tissue?	Loose connective tissue - loosely packed fibres Dense connective tissue - Densely packed bundles of collagen fibres can be regular or irregular.
Name the properties of cartilage and the most common types.	It is strong, flexible and semi-rigid - due to the semi-rigid nature of the highly hydrated ground substances (GAGs and proteoglycans) It is Avascular There are 3 types: Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.
Where is hyaline cartilage found?	Articular surfaces Tracheal rings Costal cartilage Epiphyseal growth plates
Describe the anatomy of bone.	The outer shell of dense cortical bone makes up the diaphysis. Cancellous/Trabecular bone makes up the epiphyses. Bone is a living tissue, penetrated by small canals for blood vessels and nerves containing Osteocytes.
What are the three main types of Muscle tissue?	Smooth Skeletal Cardiac
How do muscle cells produce force?	They produce force by contracting. The cytoplasm is packed with contractile fibres and these are highly specialised. Force is produced by the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres.
What are two other names for smooth muscle and why is it called this?	Involuntary Visceral It is called smooth muscle as it has no visible striations, involuntary because it can't be controlled and Visceral because it is mostly found in organs.
What are the characteristics of a smooth muscle cell?	Elongated, spindle shape fibres of around(20-200µm) Cigar-shaped nucleus
What are two other names for skeletal muscle and why is it called this?	Voluntary Striated Is mostly* the muscles of the body that are under conscious control.
What are the characteristics of a skeletal muscle cell?	Giant, multinucleated, cylindrical cells The fibres are around (1- 40mm) Elongated nuclei at the periphery of the cell, internal to the membrane - in the sarcolemma.
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?	They have not very prominent striations Complex branches of fibres - networks The fibres are around (50-100µm) Single nucleus in centre of fibre Intercalated discs
What does nervous tissue consist of?	Nervous tissue consists of neurons and their supporting cells (glia).
What is the ratio of glia to neurons in the CNS?	Glia 10:1 Nueron
What other tissue surrounds nervous tissue?	Connective tissue coat: Meninges for CNS Epineurium for PNS
What are the three types of Neurons?	Bipolar Unipolar Multipolar
What are the four principal Glia of the CNS?	Astrocytes: support/transport Oligodenrocytes: myelin production Microglia: immune surveillance Schwann cells: supports axons
What is the proportion of white blood cells?	Neutrophils 40-75% Eosinophils 5% Basophils 0.5% Lymphocytes 0-50% Monocytes 1-5%
What are the characteristic of a neutrophil?	Granulocyte Phagocyte Cytoplasmic granules (don't stain well) Prominent, multi-lobed nucleus Abundant but short lived Circulate in blood but enter tissue when stimulated
What are the characteristic of an Eosinophil?	Prominent granules Released from marrow and circulate for 8-12 hours then move into tissues Slightly bigger than neutrophils Bi-lobed nucleus Granules contain variety of hydrolytic enzymes
What are the characteristic of a Basophil?	Very prominent granules Bi-lobed nucleus but obscured by granules Granules contain histamine and heparin When IgE receptors in cell membrane attach to allergen, Degranulation occurs.
What are the characteristic of a Monocyte?	Small granules Largest circulating blood cell Non-lobulated nucleus - Kidney shaped Are 'wanderers' Kupffer cells live in the liver, Microglia live in the brain etc
What are the characteristic of a Lymphocyte?	Round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm No visible granules B cells and T cells Arise in the bone marrow but T cells differentiate in the Thymus

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	Created by Kyla Michie over 6 years ago