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Flashcards

ANAT2029 EOS Prac Exam

Mikaela Sullivan ANAT2029 English 120 cards

Cards in this deck (120)

  1. 1Name the 3 bony portions of the hip bone which, in children, are present as separate bones.Ischium, illium, pubis
  2. 2Fractures of hip bone occur through what?Triraciate cartilage of the acetabulum. Indicates that socket for hip joint is not mature until adult hood.
  3. 3Classify the Sacro-iliac jointIliac & sacral auricular surfaces = synovial plane
    Iliac & sacral tuberosity & sacroiliac interosseous ligament = fibrous syndesmosis
  4. 4Where does the sacrospinous ligament attach?Ischial spine
  5. 5Where does the sacrotuberous ligament attach?Ischial tuberosity
  6. 6Classify the pubic symphysis jointFibrocartilage amphiarthrosis
  7. 7Define nutation & counter nutation and when they occurNutation = Body weight forces base of sacrum anteriorly and inferiorly & apex posteriorly & superiorly
    Counter nutation = opposite
  8. 8Define femoral anteversionThe angle between the neck of the femur and the shaft in the transverse plane. Causes inward rotation of femur. Opposite = retroversion.
  9. 9What is the normal angle of inclination of the femur?125 degrees
  10. 10What is the level of inclination & postural abnormalities for coxa valga and coxa vara?Coxa vara = <125, Leg can shorten & develop limp, caused by injury e.g. fracture
    Coxa valga = >125, Skeletal dysplasias & cerebral palsy
  11. 11Describe the mechanics of slipped capital femoral epiphysisFracture of the growth plate (physis) which results in slippage of the overlying end of the femur (epiphysis). Ball of head of femur slips off neck in backwards direction, causing stiffness, pain & instability.
  12. 12Indicate action where the illiofemoral ligament is tautExtension, adduction (superior portion) & lateral rotation
  13. 13Indicate actions where pubofemoral ligament is tautExtension & abduction
  14. 14Indicate the action in which the ischiofemoral ligament is tautExtension, Adduction during hip flexion & medial rotation
  15. 15In what position are all the ligaments of the hip taut?Hip Extension
  16. 16Which movement moves the head of the femur deeper into the acetabulum?Flexion & abduction
  17. 17Which position of the hip would impinge the anterior femur on the anterior acetabulum?Flexion??
  18. 18What is the function of the muscles in the lateral group during gait?Pelvic stabilitation & prevent passive adduction and anterior tilt.
  19. 19Describe the fascia lata and the iliotibial bandEncloses thigh muscles & forms outer limit of the fascial compartments of the thigh, internally separated by the intermuscular septa.
  20. 20Which muscles attach closely to the pubic symphysis?Adductor longus, adductor brevis, rectus abdominus & external oblique aponeurosis
  21. 21What occurs in children & teenagers when muscle forces are large?Avulsion fractures
  22. 22Which muscles attach to ASIS?Sartorius
  23. 23Which muscles attach to AIIS?Rectus femoris
  24. 24Which muscles attach to ischial tuberosity?Hamstrings & adductor magnus
  25. 25Which muscles attach to the ischiopubic rami?Adductor magnus
  26. 26Which muscles attach to the greater trochanter?Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemellus superior & gemellus inferior
  27. 27Which muscles attach to the lesser trochanter?Psoas major & illiacus muscles
  28. 28No muscles at hip with primary action of medial rotation. List some that may contribute.Tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius & gluteus minimus
  29. 29How do different portions of gluteus maximus apply to different actions?Anterior fibres: medially rotate thigh
    Superior fires: Abduction
    Inferior fibres: Adduction
  30. 30Hoe does gluteus medius' action change in different joint positions?0 degrees extension: anterior=internal rotation, posterior=external rotation
    90 flexion: only internal rotation
  31. 31Decribe what you know about fractures of the tibiaMost common bone for stress fractures
    Tibia is larger bone, indicating importance in force transfer
    ~90% of tibial stress fractures affet postermedial tibia near the junction of the middle & distal 1/3 of the bone, where the shaft cortex is narrow
  32. 32Describe the components of the functional units within the footHindfoot: talus, calcaneus
    Midfoot: cuboid, navicular, medial, intermediate & lateral cuneiform
    Forefoot: metatarsals & phalanges
  33. 33Which metatarsal is the shortest?1st metatarsal
  34. 34Which metatarsal is the longest?2nd metatarsal
  35. 35Which metatarsal has the thickest diaphysis?1st metatarsal - strongest & adapted for transmission of body weight
  36. 36What bones form the medial longitudinal arch?Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms & first 3 metatarsals
  37. 37What bones forms the lateral longitudinal arch?Calcaneus, cuboid & 4-5th metatarsals
  38. 38What bones form the transverse arch of the foot?Metatarsal bases, cuboid & cuneiforms
  39. 39Give 3 functions of the arches of the footAbsorb shock whilst walking, running & jumping, weight baring, support & flexibility to foot, propulsion whist walking.
  40. 40What is the classification of the distal tibiofibular joint?Fibrous syndesmosis
    -its' stability is cruicial to integrity of the talocrural joint
  41. 41What is the common mechanism of injury of the inferior tibiofibular joint (high ankle sprain)?Is a combination of DF & external rotation of the foot relative to the leg. In DF the widest part (anterior) of the talar dome is between the distal tibia & fibula, addition ER of the foot rotates talus in mortise forcing separation of distal tibia & fibula. Can tear ant. tibiofibular lig.
  42. 42What is the classification of the talocrural joint (ankle joint)?Synovial hinge
  43. 43Which ligament is most commonly injured in an ankle sprain and why?Anterior talofibular ligament. It occurs with inversion of ankle and plantar flexion, both are common sporting movements.
  44. 44State and describe the subtalar joint.Joint between 3 articulating facets of the talus & the 3 of the calcaneus. Translate rotation of the foot into motion of the tibia and vice versa. Axis of the STJ is inclined ~45 anterior to posterior & directed slightly medial to the long axis of the foot.
  45. 45Name the ligamentous support structures of the subtalar jointCalcaneofibular & tibiocalcaneal/tibiospring lig.
    Interosseous lig. within sinus tarsi
    Cervical lig.
  46. 46What constitutes to transverse tarsal joint, and what does it do?Talonavicular+calcaneocuboid
    Movement=sup. & pro.
    Pro. can functionally ^ foot DF ROM, but excessive mobility of midfoot requires stability by passive supporting strutures & ^ activity in extrinsic & intrinsic foot muscles leading to overload & injury
  47. 47What ligaments support the talonavicular/talocalcaneonavicular joint?Dorsal calcaneonavicular lig (sup. bifurcate) & plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament (=primary support)
  48. 48Ligamentous support for the calcaneocuboid joint is provided by the:Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament (inf. bifurcate), plantar calcaneocuboidal lig. (short plantar) & long plantar lig.
  49. 49Which ligaments provide substantial support for the lateral longitudinal arches of the foot?Short plantar & long plantar ligaments
  50. 50What is the joint between the tarsals?Distal intertarsal joint, gliding joints between navicular, cuboid & cuneiforms
  51. 51Describe the Tarsometatarsal joints (TMT)Gliding joints
    Motion least at the 2nd then 1st which assists in providing a stable medial side of foot for push-off.
  52. 52What are plantar plates?Found in MTP joints, analogous to volar plates in the hand. Especially important for weight bearing.
  53. 53Define calcaneal valgus & calcaneal varusCalcaneal valgus - lateral eversion of rearfoot @ subtalar joint
    Calcaleal varus - Medial inversion of rear foot @ subtalar joint
  54. 54Compare & contract bone & joint structure of ankle & wrist8 carpals vs 7 tarsals
    Hand 1st CMC is saddle, 1st TMT is not
    More stability in foot than hand
    Seasamoid bones in foot, none in hand
  55. 55What muscles are involved in dorsiflexion of the foot?TA, EDL, EHL, FT
  56. 56What muscles are involved in Plantarflexion of the foot?Gastrocnemius & soleus, FHL, tibialis posterior, FDL, FL, FB
  57. 57What muscles are involved in inversion of the foot?TP, TA (less at rear foot, more effective in mid foot), gastrocnemius & soleus, FDL, FHL, EHL
  58. 58Which muscles are involved in eversion of the foot?FL, FB, FT, EDL
  59. 59Which muscles are involved in Flexion and Extension of the MTP and IP joints?Flexion: FDL, FHL
    Extension: EDL, EHL
  60. 60What are the functions of the plantar fascia?Proprioception, support arches, rigid support of arches in push-off phase of gait (plantar fascia is tightened during ankle PF & MTP extension)
  61. 61What is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?Provide proprioceptive info, adjust direction of extrinsic muscles & provide active stabilisation of arches of the foot.
  62. 62Passive support for the foot during gait is obtained from the:plantar fascia, spring ligament, short plantar ligament & long plantar ligament
  63. 63Active support for the foot during gait is provided by:Extrinsic & intrinsic foot muscles. If support from passive structure is insufficient, excessive activity may be required which may result in injury. If weakness or fatigue occurs in muscles, load increased on passive structures.
  64. 64Briefly describe the structure of the sacrumBase, apex and & 3 surfaces - pelvic, dorsal & lateral
    Thick, which aids supporting and transmitting weight of the body.
  65. 65Name the features of the atlas-No vertebral body
    -Thick lateral masses to transmit force from the occipital condyles to C2
    -Large vertebral foramen
    -Large transverse foramen
    -No spinous process - has posterior tubercle
  66. 66Why are the articular facets of the atlas so large compared to those of other vertebrae?Articulates with condyles of occipital bone to allow for head nodding/flexion
  67. 67Name the features of the Axis-Odontoid process/dens
    -Short transverse process with 1 tubercle
    -Superior articular facets face superolaterally
    -C2 exits behind sup. articular process
    -C3 exits infront of inf. articular process
  68. 68What are the anterior and posterior articular facets of the dens for?Anterior articular facets forms part of a joint with anterior arch of atlas.
    Posterior?
  69. 69Why is it so important to diagnose and treat a fracture of the dens?If C1 moves forward on C2, risk damage to the spinal cord.
  70. 70What movement occures at C0/1 joint?-Mainly flexion & extension.
    -Convex occipital condyles & deep concave superior articular facets of C1.
    -Minimal axial rotation or lateral flexion due to depth of atlantal sockets.
  71. 71What movement occurs at C1/2 joint?-Mainly axial rotation.
    -Median atlantoaxial jt = pivot & 2 lateral atlantoaxial joints = biconvex.
    -Rotation limit = alar ligaments.
  72. 72How many intervertebral discs are there?23
  73. 73What tissue is the intervertebral disc made of?Fibrocartilage & hyaline cartilage
  74. 74Explain the difference in cervical and lumbar intervertebral discsCervical - anulus fibrosis thick ant. & thin post. More on side. Nucleus pulposus= fibrocartilage.
    Lumbar - Classic. Gell-like nucleus pulposus. Even annulus fibrosus whole way around to stand compression.
  75. 75How does intervertebral disc height:vertebral body height affect ROM?Increased vertebral disc height ^ movement.
    More movement in lumbar than thoracic spine (greater disc/body ratio in lumbar)
    Less lateral flexion than extension
  76. 76What are unconvertebral joints?Formed from uncinate processes & uncus. In cervical region between C3 & C7. No uncinate processes w/ thoracic or lumbar vertebrae.
  77. 77What are zygopopphyseal joints?Articulation of inferior articular process of cranial vertebra with the superior articular process of the caudal vertebra.
  78. 78Describe the orientation of the zygopophyseal joints and articular processes throughout spine.C3-C7: Almost coronal orientation, 45* to transverse. Allows all movements
    Tx: Almost coronal orientation, tall sup. articular process, 60-80* to transverse (more vertical than Cx) Allows axial rot. & lat. flex.
    L: Sagittal plane orientation, vertical. Allows flex. & ext.
  79. 79What is the pars interarticularis?The small segment of bone that joins the sup. & inf. articular processes. The 'neck' of the dog. Pars interarticularis fracture caused by stress. Under compression +- extension weight can be transferred through inferior articular processes to lamina below.
  80. 80Define spondyolysis & spondylolisthesis.Spondylolysis: Defect or stress fracture in pars interarticularis of vertebral arch.
    Spondylolisthesis: One vertebral body slipped forward over the other.
  81. 81At which vertebral level are they most commonly found?L5
  82. 82What are the longitudinal ligaments of the vertebral column?Ant. Longitudinal Lig.: Basilar part occipital bone -> anterior tubercle atlas -> anterior body of axis -> vertebral column
    Post. Longitudinal Lig.: Sup. to post. body of axis -> continues sup. as "tectorial membrane"
  83. 83What are the intervertebral ligaments of the spine?Interspinous, supraspinous, intertransverse & ligamentum flavum (interlaminar space)
  84. 84What are the actions on the scalenes?Bilateral: neck F
    Unilateral: ipsilateral LF
    (anterior scalene also contralaterally rotates)
  85. 85What is between the anterior scalene and the middle scalene?Scalene opening. Brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through here.
  86. 86What movements occur at C0/1?Flexion, extension
  87. 87What movements occur at C1/2?Rotation
  88. 88What boney features of C1 & 2 provide increased moment arms?C1: Huge transverse processes
    C2: Large spinous processes
    Obliques capitus inferior, attaches to these two
  89. 89What innervates the suboccipital muscles?Suboccipital nerve, dorsal ramus of C1
  90. 90Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the back?Dorsal rami
  91. 91Which of the suboccipital muscles is best aligned to produce rotation of the head & C1 on C2?Obligues capitus inferior
  92. 92Which of the intrinsic muscles of the back produce compressive forces on the lumbar motion segment?-d
  93. 93Which produce posterior shear forces on the lumbar motion segment? Is this good or bad?-
  94. 94What movements occur at the head and neck during bilateral and unilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid?Bilateral: Upper cervical extension, lower cervical flexion (turkey neck)
    Unilateral: Ipsilateral lateral flexion
    Contralateral axial rotation
  95. 95What muscles are involved in right rotation of the neck?Left sternocleidomastoid & right splenius
  96. 96Which muscle maintains lumbar lordosis?Lumbar multifidus
  97. 97Describe the structure of the diaphragmDome shape w/ central tendon
    Right more superior than left
    Posteriorly -> physical connections with lumbar spine
  98. 98What are the three major structures that pass through or behind the diaphragm?Inferior vena cava @ T8
    Oesophagus @ T10
    Decending aorta @ T12
  99. 99How does diaphragm contribute to postural stability?-^'s intraabdominal pressure & intra-thoracic pressure acting as antagonist against external forces
    -Flattens during ^ of trans-diaphragmatic pressure, ^ing spinal stability
  100. 100How does respiratory drive affect the postural activity of the diaphragm?When oxygen limited, diaphragm goes back to activity of respiration as more important.
    When lots of oxygen available, diaphragm ^ intraabdomia pressure, ^ing stiffness of lumbar spine
  101. 101Name the two structures that pass through the pelvic diaphramAnal canal & urethra
  102. 102How does activity in the pelvic floor muscles relate to trunk/ spinal stability?Role in increasing pelvic pressure.
  103. 103Contrast actions of the quadratus lumborum & psoas majorQL: Active in F & E. Active during axial loading activities.
    PM: Primary hip flexor. Compression of lumbar spine as vertical orientation & close to joint axis.
  104. 104What are the actions of the external oblique abdominal?Bilateral: trunk flexion & 6 IAP
    Unilateral: Contralateral rotation, ipsilateral LF
  105. 105What are the actions of the internal oblique abdominals?Bilateral: trunk flexion & ^ IAP
    Unilateral: Ipsilateral rotation & LF
  106. 106What role does transverse abdominis have?^ intraabdominal pressure only. Can't produce a movement as transverse fibres.
  107. 107Describe the structure of the thoracolumbar fasciaAnt. & Middle: Attach to lumbar t.p's, envelopes QL, post. attachment for Transverse abdominis & int. obliques.
    Post Layer: Attaches to T/L/S spinous processes, encolses erector spinae group, laterally fuses with middle layer.
  108. 108What does the thoracolumbar fascia blend with?-Erector spinae aponeurosis
    -Latissimus dorsi
    -Gluteus maximus
  109. 109Is the TLF different to the erector spinae aponeurosis?ESA is deeper to TLF
    ESA has vertically arranged fibres compared to the TLF which has criss-cross fibres
  110. 110What are the functions of the thoracolumbar fascia?Stabilisation: extensive muscular attachement to lumbar transverse & spinous processes - act like stabilising ropes
    Load transfer: attachemet of muscles in lower limb, upper limb, spine & pelvis
  111. 111Which are the most powerful flexors of the thoracolumbar spine? Why?Rectus abdominis
    -Vertical line of action anterior to axis of thoracolumbar flexion/extension
    -Large PCSA
    -Large moment arm for flexion
  112. 112Which are the most powerful rotators of the thoracolumbar spine? Why?Contralateral external oblique + ipsilateral internal oblique
    -Ideal line of actions for rotation-diagonal
    -Large PCSA
    -Large moment arm as attach to ribs
    -Lateral to axis of thoracolumbar spine
  113. 113How can muscles of abdominopelvic cavity contribute to stability of the lumbar spine? (3 ways)-^ing intraabdominal pressure
    -Muscular co-contraction "stiffening" vertebral motion segment
    -Extensive muscular attachments to TLF which attach to Lumbar transverse & spinous processes, contributing to motion segment stability
  114. 114What is the role of the tibiofemoral menisci?Increase congruency/ contact area between femoral condyles & tibial plateau
    -decreases stress
    -protects articular cartilage
  115. 115Compare & contrast the medial and lateral menisciMedial: longer A-P & larger posterior horn (making less mobile)
    73-93% meniscal coverage of plateau
    Lateral: more variable & mobile
    50-75% meniscal coverage of plateau
    More damaged, not as good hyaline cartilage protection
  116. 116What is the mechanism for an ACL injury?-Non-contact
    -Foot outside BOS
    -Large valgus momet + tibial ER
    -Most common in adolescence, pivoting sports & 3-5x ^ in females
  117. 117How does the contact area of the patella change through movement?-Patella glides distally on femur during flexion.
    -Increasing knee F contact area on the patella increases & moves proximally
  118. 118How does the patella affect the quadriceps?-Alters the line of action of quadriceps group & increases moment arm.
  119. 119What is the Q angle?Angle between line from tibial tuberosity to patella, and line from patella to ASIS.
    ^ Q = ^ pull of quads
  120. 120What role does the popliteus have on screw home mechanism?Screw-home mechanism: IR of femur on tibia
    -> lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia is required to unlock the extended knee. Popliteus unscrews the screw-home mechanism

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ANAT2029 Flashcards on ANAT2029 EOS Prac Exam, created by Mikaela Sullivan on 02/11/2017.
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