Flashcards
Exam revison Unit 2
Cards in this deck (40)
- 1Visual PerceptionVisual perception is the ability to see and interpret the visual information that surrounds us. The process of "taking in" one's environment is referred to as perception.
- 2Visual sensationVisual sensation is the vision sensory organs (The Eye) detecting light, changing it into a neural signal and then sending it to the brain along neural pathways for processing
- 3Electromagnetic Energya form of energy that is transformed to electrochemical energy through the process of transduction.
- 4Electrochemical Energya form of energy involving tiny electrical charges that move from one neuron to another.
- 5Perceptual SetA predisposition to perceive something in a certain way. Basically yo expect something to be a certain way so thats how you see it.
- 6Factors affecting perceptual setpast experience, Motivation, culture, context, Emotional State.
- 7factors affecting Perceptual SetPast experience: If you had a bad run in with a dog or something you will be inclined to perceive all dogs as vicious
Motivation: Is the need to complete a task. for instance if you need to eat food will be brighter and more rich in colour so therefore more attractive to eat - 8factors affecting Perceptual SetCulture: Is how the group you belong to sees things. We see people in the middle east as terrorists but people who live there may see them as heroes.
- 9factors affecting Perceptual SetContext: Is the environment or situation the perception was made in.
Emotional State: Say you are in a bad mood you are likley to see the worst in things and perceive the worst possible outcome rather than see it as it actually is - 10Visual illusionsMuller-lyer illusion: you think the lines are different sizes due to the arrow heads
- 11Visual illusionsAmes room: due to the restricted use of one eye, binocular depth cues cannot be used so one person is perceived to be massive when compared to the other.
- 12Parts of the Eye: Cornea, Aqueous HumourCornea - the round part at the front of the eye. it is a clear structure that focuses light on the retina located at the back of the eye.
Aqueous Humour - The watery fluid inside the eye which helps maintain its shape. - 13Parts of the Eye: Pupil, IrisPupil: the black part of the eye, is actually a opening in the Iris. The size of the pupil can change. The size is changed with the ciliary muscles depending on how much light the eye is exposed to.
Iris: I the coloured part of the eye. is a ring of muscles that can change the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. - 14Parts of the Eye: Lens, Ciliary MusclesLens: the lens is a transparent flexible structure which focuses light onto the retina. Will bulge or elongate to help see items or objects that are far or close
Ciliary Muscles: This is the part of the eye which allows the lens to elongate or bulge. The ciliary muscles will contract (bulge) to focus on near objects and it will extend to focus of objects far away. - 15Parts of the Eye: Vitreous Humour, Retina and Photoreceptors.Vitreous Humour: a jelly like substance which helps the eye maintains its shape. Also has a role on helping the eye to focus on different objects.
Retina: the area at the back of the eye where the light is focused onto. is filled with Photoreceptors.
Photoreceptors: specialised neurons which detect and respond to light and send messages to the brain. - 16Parts of the Eye: Sclera, Choroid, FoveaSclera: The outer layer of the three layers of the eye. The white part.
Choroid: The choroid layer is the second lay in the eye. It is filled with blood vessels which nourish the eye.
Fovea: Is a small pit within the Eye which contains Photoreceptors is located in the retina and is where the vision is clearest - 17Rods and ConesRods: - Visual receptors for dim
- 100 million in each eye
- more sensitive to light.
Cones: - Visual receptor for daytime and colour.
- 6.5 million in each eye
- lie mainly at the centre of the retina
- Fine detail - 18Reception, Transduction, TransmissionReception: is when you receive any sensory information form your outside environment
Transduction: Is the process in which sensory information is transferred into a neural message which can be read by the brain
Transmission: Is the transferring of the neural messages which have been through transduction to the brain along neural pathways, - 19Organisation, InterpretationOrganisation: is the sorting of information and messages into groups based on a characteristic or trait of the information
Interpretation: The process of assinging meaning to all incoming sensory information - 20Binocular Depth cuesConvergence: Is the inward turning of both eyes to focus on a close object
Retinal Disparity: a depth cue based on the difference between the images cast on the retina of both eyes - 21Monocular depth cues: Accomodation, Relative size, Linear perspectiveAccomodation: the automatic change in the shape of the lens to focus on an object either close or far away.
Relative size: a depth cue based on the knowledge of approximate size of objects or people. If two objects of similar size are different size of the retina then one must be further away.
Linear Perspective: The apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance - 22Monocular depth cues: Interposition, Texture gradient, Height in the visual fieldInterposition: If one object partially covers another then the object being covered is further away from the observer.
Texture gradient: as something recedes into the distance the detail will also decrease. (Cobblestone road)
Height in the visual field: An object that is located closer to the horizon is perceived to be further away. - 23CLOSUREThe tendency to fill in the gaps in an image and perceive it as a whole. (soccer ball) but in reality it is just a bunch of hexagons
- 24Figure groundFigure-ground perception is the ability to focus on one specific piece of information in a busy background.
You can focus on either the bear or the eagle
- 25Similaritythe tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features as being apart of a group and belonging together.
- 26Proximitythe tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that are close in proximity to each other as being apart of the same group.
- 27Shape, size and orientation constancyShape constancy: the ability to recognise that an object will stay the same shape despite changes to the image cast on the retina.
Size Constancy: The ability to recognise that an object will stay the same size despite changes on the image cast on the retina
Orientation Constancy: The ability to recognise that when something changes orientation it is still the same object. A tree that has fallen down is still a tree. - 28Taste Perception: Steps.1) Taste Receptors: Detect chemical molecules that enable taste.
2) Taste Buds: taste receptors are located within taste buds. 8000-10000 taste buds, declines with age
3) Papillae: The bumps on the surface of the tongue. Contain Taste buds.
4) taste Pores: on the surface of the tongue and connect the surface of tongue to the taste receptors
5) Gustatory Hairs: Extend from the taste receptors to the taste pores. Make contact with the tastants
6) Tastants: Are disolved chemical molecules that can be tasted. - 29What affects Taste perception? Biological and PsychologicalBiological: Age and inherited dislikes or allergies.
Psychological: Context (Environment the perception is made in), Motivation (seeing what we want and not what we actually see), Emotional State (How the individual is feeling at that certain time), Past Experiences: Personal experiences throughout ones life if bad experience with fish unlikely to enjoy eating fish), Culture( The way of life of a certain community and what they eat. Middle eastern countries like different food that western. - 30SynaesthesiaPerceptual experience in which stimulation of ones sense produces additional unusual experiences in another sense. (Tasting words)
- 31Ethical principles. Informed consent, Withdrawal Rights, Voluntary participation, confidentiality and debriefinginformed consent: The participants will be briefed about the experiments before giving consent unless that will affect the results of the experiments.
Withdrawal Rights : A participant has the right to withdraw from the experiment at any given time if they wish to.
Voluntary Participation: No one should be forced into participating in the experiments. all participants should be voluntary
Confidentiality: All results from the experiment should not be released with the actual participants names on it.
Debriefing: After the experiment all participants should be debriefed and told the aim of the experiment and what the results should be used for. - 32Social InfluenceThe effects of the presence or actions of others, either real or perceived, on the way people think, feel and behave
- 33GroupA group is a collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and ho share a common purpose.
- 34PowerIs an individual or groups ability to control or influence others thoughts feeling or behaviours.
- 35StatusThe importance of an individuals position in a group as perceived by members of that group.
- 36ZIMBARDOmovie
- 37Hypothesisan educated prediction of what the results of the experiment will be
- 38Independant variable dependant variableIndependant Variable: Is what is changed in the experiment.
dependant variable: what is being measured. the indpendant variable is changed to see the effects of the dependant variable. - 39PopulationPopulation: the group of people that you are selecting your participants from.
- 40—
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- Flashcards on Exam revison Unit 2, created by Andrew Williams on 22/11/2017.
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- Andrew Williams · Nov 2017
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- Apr 6, 2018
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