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| Question | Answer |
| Basal Ganglia receives input from all regions of the cerebral cortex and projects its output to __________. | The same regions. |
| BG helps _______ motor programs and ________ motor programs during morot planning. | establish motor programs select motor programs |
| Does the BG receive ascending sensory input? | NO |
| Lesion in BG results in (excessive/diminished) movements. | Both |
| T/F: BG also has executive and emotional functions. | T. |
| BG is a collection of nuclei between _________ and ________. Thus they are ________ nuclei. | Telencephalon and midbrain. 'subcortical nuclei' |
| T/F: BG is central, and both hemispheres share the same BG nuclei. | F. Each hemisphere has its own BG. |
| Where is BG as compared to the thalamus? | Lateral and slightly anteiror. |
| The 5 principle BG nuclei are: | 1. caudate nucleus (head, body tail) 2. putamen 3. globus pallidus (external, internal) 4. subthalamic nucleus 5. substantia nigra (pars reticulata, pars compacta) |
| Which parts of the caudate nucleus form the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle? | head and body. |
| The tail of caudate nucleus form the roof of ________________. | inferior horn of lateral ventricle |
| Name the structures from caudate to thalamus. | Caudate - putamen - globus pallidus external - globus palidus internal - thalamus |
| putamen + globus pallidi = | Lenticular/ lentiform nucleus |
| What is superior to the putamen? | the insulin cortex |
| What structure separates the thalamus and GPi? | the internal capsule |
| What separates the caudate and putamen? | the internal capsule |
| The caudate and putamen are embryologically related. They are called __________ together. | corpus striatum. |
| The ventral part of the striatum is called __________. It is continuous with the _________ and belongs to both the ______ system and the ________ system. | The ventral part of the striatum is called [accumbens]. It is continuous with the [putamen] and belongs to both the [BG] system and the [limbic] system. |
| The subthalamus is in the (ventral/dorsal) region of the diencephalon. | Caudal. |
| The substantia nigra is located in the (rostral/caudal) part of midbrain. | Rostral |
| The _______ is anterior to the substantia nigra. | Cerebral peduncles. |
| The other nuclei at the same level with substantia nigra are | 1. superior colliculus 2. red nucleus |
| Two parts of the substantia nigra | 1. pars compacta (SNpc) 2. pars reticulata (SNpr) |
| The (SNpc/ SNpr) is the source of dopamine. | SNpc. |
| Where does cortical input enter the BG? Name the pathway. | Striatum (caudate and putamen) 'corticostriatal pathway' |
| The pathway where the substantia nigra project to the striatum is called | nigrostriatal pathway |
| The nitrostriatal pathway modulates the _________ to the striatum. | corticostriatal |
| T/F: the striatum only projects to the SNpc. | F. The striatum projects to: 1. GPi 2. GPe 3. SNpr |
| Which structures are in the output circuit of the BG? | 1. GPi 2. SNpr |
| GPi projects to | VA/ VL thalamus |
| SNpr projects to the | superior colliculus |
| What are the four transmitter systems in the BG? | 1. glutamate 2. GABA 3. dopamine 4. acetycholine |
| Glutamate is (excitatory/ inhibitory) | excitatory |
| GABA is (excitatory/ inhibitory) | inhibitory |
| Dopamine is (excitatory/ inhibitory) | BOTH excitatory and inhibitory |
| acetylcholine is (excitatory/ inhibitory) | excitatory |
| The corticostriatal input is _________ (transmitter name). | glutamatergic |
| Name another glutamatergic projection. | subthalamic projection to globus pallidus. |
| Striatal projection to GPe and GPi are ________. | GABAergic |
| VL receives input from ______ and _______, the transmitters are _________. | GP and SNpr. GABAergic. |
| Internal circuits in striatum is ________. | Cholinergic |
| Loss of internal circuits of striatum causes _______ disease. | Huntington |
| The direct pathway (supports/blocks) movement while the indirect pathway (supports/blocks) movement. | Direct: supports. Indirect: blocks. |
| Overall, GPi (inhibits/ supports) movement by ____________. | Inhibits movement. By inhibiting VL thalamus. |
| GPi is (excited/inhibited) in the direct pathway while it is (inhibited/ less inhibited) in the indirect pathway. | GPi is inhibited in the direct pathway. GPi is less inhibited in the indirect pathway. |
| In the direct pathway, GPi is inhibited by _____ transmitters from the ______ circuit. | GABAergic from putamen |
| In the indirect pathway, GPi is excited by _______, which is previously inhibited by ______. | subthalamic nucleus. It was previously inhibited by GPe. (Since GABAergic transmitter from putamen inhibits GPe, STN is disinhibited). |
| Dopamine strengthens the direct pathway to support movement by binding to ____ receptors. | D1-like |
| Dopamine weakens the indirect pathway to support movement by binding to ____ receptors. | D2-like |
| At resting potential, GPi is spontaneously active to ________. | Inhibit VL thalamus. |
| T/F: GPi is not affected when corticostriatal neurons generate activity. | F. GPi is briefly inhibited. |
| Eye saccades are driven by the _________ circuits, which is activated by ________. | paramedial pontine reticular circuits. activated by superior colliculus. |
| Since superior colliculus is inhibited by ________, inhibition of the structure by the striatum can disinhibit superior colliculi. | SBpr. |
| Horizontal saccades are coordinated by _______ while vertical saccades are coordinated by _______. | horizontal: paramedial pontine reticular formation. vertical: interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus |
| T/F: Saccades must be inhibited for fixation. | T. |
| _________ inhibits the saccade | SNpr |
| What happens when GABA agonist is injected to SNpr? | GABA is inhibitive --> SNpr is inhibited --> saccades are disinhibited |
| Loss of SNpc cells results in a reduced level of ______, which reduces the _____ of the direct pathway and _____ of the indirect pathway, accounting for hypokinetic symptoms. | reduced level of dopamine. reduces excitation of direct pathway. reduces inhibition of indirect pathway. |
| Huntington's disease involves loss of cells in _________. Removing the braking circuits may generate movement disorders such as _______ and ______. | loss of cells in striatum. disorders: chorea, athetosis. |
| the 4 channels of BG are | 1. motor 2. occulomotor 3. prefrontal 4. limbic |
| Striatum portion involved in motor control: | putamen |
| Striatum portion involved in occulomotor control: | caudate body |
| Striatum portion involved in prefrontal control: | caudate head |
| Striatum portion involved in limbic: | accumbens |
| Outputs of motor channel: | motor/premotor cortex |
| Outputs of oculomotor channel: | frontal/ supplementary eye fields |
| Outputs of prefrontal channel: | prefrontal cortex (associative channel) |
| Outputs of limbic channel: | 1. medial orbital gyrus of frontal cortex 2. anterior cingulate cortex |
| OCD, schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease are all associated with the _________ system. | limbic |
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