11733807
Description
Flashcards by Louise Tribe, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Louise Tribe
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What problems did Edward face upon accession? (x4) | * Religious division * Crown finances dire due to wars in the 1540s * Debasement of coinage causing inflation and decline in income * Insecurity of the crown due to selling monastic land --> Nobles had power |
| What preparations had been put in place for Edward until he came of age? | * Regency Council * 16 members, balance of factions * Did not last long as power was delegated to Protector Hertford |
| How did Somerset ensure support? (x3) | * Counted on the support of Cranmer, Lisle and Paget * Rewarded himself and supporters with promotions * 1547 homily on Obedience reminded people in Parish Churches that obedience to king was in accordance with God's will. |
| How did Somerset suppress opposition? (x4) | * Governed with his own household * Arrested Southampton within weeks * Fears about public disorder --> would people accept the protectorate? * Treason charges on T.Seymour (brother) |
| Why was Somerset undermined? | * Failures in foreign policy * Mishandled rebellions * Arrogant and dictatorial = enemies * Doubts among supporters (Warwick) |
| How did Somerset's rule end? | * August 1549 * Southampton and Warwick's plot * Mary refused involvement * Somerset surrendered as long as no treason charges would be brought against him |
| What was Northumberland's style of rule? | * Anxious not to repeat mistakes = 'Lord President' * Some hoped for regency led my Mary * Coup against conservatives --> Purged Southampton = more Prot direction |
| How did Northumberland run government? | * Ran through Privy Council * Easy once Cons were expelled * Collective approach at first * Became less conciliar once Somerset executed * Enemies removed, Gates on dry stamp |
| What were Somerset's foreign policy aims? | * Scotland = priority * Defeat the scots and force surrender * Garrisons at borders |
| What happened in Somerset's foreign policy? | * Battle of Pinkie 1547 :) * Forts difficult and expensive to garrison * Couldn't capture Dunbar and Edinburgh * Scotland and France cooperated * French sailed through Firth of Forth * French gained control of MQoS |
| What were the consequences of Somerset's foreign policy? | * Financial strain * Objective of marrying Edward to MQoS failed * Relations with France were bad = raised prospect of invasion |
| What happened in Northumberland's foreign policy? | * Reduced expenditure by ending wars * Resignation of Boulogne * French gave £133,333 in return for Boulogne * Scottish forts were abandoned |
| What were the consequence of Northumberland's foreign policy? | * Stabilised crown finances * humiliation in handing back Boulogne Boulogne stopped draining resources * French pay out = money * Forts on Scottish border had been expensive |
| What happened in the succession after Edward? | * 1553 Edward was ill * Ruined Northumberland's reputation * Succession of Mary would ruin Northumberland's Protestant changes *Mary and Elizabeth planned to be made illegitimate and LJG put on the throne |
| What happened in religious policy under Somerset? | * Radicals such as Hooper and Bacon welcomed * FEB 1547 Denunciation of images * JULY 1547 Injunctions: attacked popular Catholicism * DEC 1547 Chantries and guilds: properties seized by the crown * MAY 1549 Book of Common Prayer: more moderate approach than followed since 1547 |
| What religious effect did Somerset's policies have? | * Cautious policy to avoid religious tension * Book of Common Prayer tried to establish a single service * Simple translations * Ambiguous Eucharistic declaration could imply acceptance of transubstantiation |
| What social impact did Somerset's policies have? | * Attack on the lives of ordinary people (e.g. 1547 injunctions) * Plundering of Church resources * Chantries destroyed connection to dead communities * Guilds and confraternities stopped charitable activity * Start of a systematic strip of the Church |
| What were Northumberland's aims in religious policy? | * Continue Protestant reforms of Somerset * Plunder more of the Church's wealth |
| Why did Northumberland take a more radical approach to religious policy | * Cranmer becoming less cautious * Senior radical clergymen gaining influence * Continental reformers moved to England * Links between English reformers and leaders of reformations in Europe * Edward became more involved and wanted to destroy idolatry |
| What were the key changes in religious policy under Northumberland | * Radical 1552 Book of Common prayer * Removal of remaining Con. ceremonies * rewriting of services = simplicity * Ordinary bread used in communion = remembrance rather than literal * Simpler clerical vestments * simpler approach to music * 1553 42 Articles |
| What problems in religious policy did Northumberland face? | * Source of plunder to restore crown finances * Competing varieties of Protestantism emerging |
| What was the overall social impact of religious change during the reign of Edward? | * Less money to Church in wills after 1540 *Churches attracted less affection and money 'crisis at parish level'-Haigh * Less people going to Church and becoming priests * Duffy argues 'an attack on history' |
| What were the economic problems under Somerset? | * Inflation --> coinage for wars * Real wages * Enclosure * Harvest failure --> 1548 * Taxation |
| How did Somerset tackle enclosure? | * Somerset believed enclosure was a main cause of socio-economic problems * Commission set up * Little achieved * Expectations of the poor raised * Rate of enclosure WAS slowing |
| How did Somerset tackle taxation? | * Sheep tax! Huge financial pressure on small farmers |
| What economic changes did Northumberland bring? | * Wars = ended * Money in exchange for Boulogne * One last debasement * Melted down church plates * Commission analysing royal finances * Many improvements not in place until Mary |
| Why were rebellions dealt with do poorly in this period? | * Resources were spread too thinly * Large concentration on Scotland and on southern borders against France |
| What were the causes of rebellions under Somerset? | * Religious grievances * Midlands = agricultural and social concerns * Resentment against taxation |
| What were the main factors in the Western Rebellion in 1549? | * Experience of religion * Distrust between labourers and landowners * Sheep tax anger |
| What were the main factors in Kett's Rebellion in 1549? | * Rebels in Norwich followed the Book of Common Prayer * Class antagonism * Hatred of gov. officials Resentment against landowners restricting peasant grazing rights * Hatred against Howard fam |
| What developments in intellectual thought were there during Edward's reign? | * Contest between evangelical humanism (Erasmus) and radical Protestantism * Humanism supported by Cranmer, EVI's tutor * 1547 injunctions required copy of Erasmus * More radical under Northumberland |
| Why did Northumberland's succession plan fail? | * interfered with legitimacy * illegal so upset even loyal council members * promoted son's wife = power grab? * Mary acted bravely throughout |
| How did Mary respond to Northumberland's plot? | * Gathered support in Norfolk * Northumberland responded with troops in G.Yarmouth * Northumberland's support was weak there because of Kett's |
| What problems did Mary face at the start of her reign? | * country had fundamental religious differences * Significant Protestant minority * lack of political experience * Supporters had lack of experience * Had to rely on Edward's councillors |
| Who were Mary's main councillors at the start of her reign and what was her relationship with them? | * Gardiner - never fully trusted because he hadn't supported CoA. Died in 1555=gap * Paget - disagreed with her over religion * Pole - returned from exile, Archbishop of Canterbury, distanced himself from secular * Philip II and Renard - foreigners!! |
| What was Mary's marital situation? | * keen to marry to produce heir 1554 * Earl of Devon = factional rivalry * Charles V and Renard had always advised * public = hostile - marriage treaty - title only, no power, no claim |
| What was the problem of succession under Mary? | * Did not want Elizabeth to undo changes * Eliz personified breakdown of parents * Needed to overturn 1544 Succession Act to disqualify Eliz * Wyatts = failed to find Eliz guilty = house arrest (comfortable conditions) |
| What were the key events in foreign policy under Mary? | * 1554 Spanish marriage * 1555 anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV (Mary had allegiance to both) * 1557 war on France after attempt @ Scarborough - nobility could win favour |
| What reforms were there in foreign policy under Mary? | * naval administration - 6 new ships, more repaired, £14,000 |
| What religious problems did Mary face? | * Protestantism in South, particularly London * Protestant Church protected by Statute * Political elite had benefitted from sale of Monastic Land |
| Mary's first Parliament | * 1553 legislative attack * repealed Edward, order of service back to HVIII's death, married Clergy deprived of livings, legal status of CofE upheld * relying on statute went against Mary's beliefs (divine law) |
| Issue of monastic lands | * Nobles owned the land privately and issue had to be resolved * Pressure from Pope to submit to Rome * Politically impossible * Mary found herself later at war with the papacy (Pope Paul vs Pole) * Mary and 'true faith' |
| The burning of heretics | * 289 from humble backgrounds * showed Protestantism was more than money bc humble background * Popular preachers burned = public sympathy = martyrdom * policy was happening on continent * Evidence from Book of Martyrs - Foxe |
| Pole's reforms | * Saw his role as pastoral * legatine Synod 1555-56: residing, preaching, overseeing life, school to train new priests * more successful in North * Needed more time and support @ parish level |
| Mary's economic problems | * rapid population growth = inflation * debasement = inflation * Harvest failures 1555-56 = strain * Sweating Sickness 1557-58 |
| Mary's address to economic issues | * Northumberland's commission = courts of FFaT and Augmentations to Exchequer * royal debt not dramatically increased * Coinage plans drawn up (Eliz) * Book of Rates for Customs Revenue 1558 |
| Mary helping the poor | More active due to influenza, harvest failures and high tax for war with France. Grain hoarders stopped and pasture --> arable |
| What were the plans for Wyatt's vs what actually happened? | * Plans since 1553 to be carried out 1554 * 4 simultaneous risings * plans leaked * one serious rebellion in Kent led by Wyatt (3000 men) |
| What provoked Wyatt's rebellion? | * Religious concerns, Maidstone = Protestant * Fear of Spanish influence * Decline of cloth industry * local gentry who had lost influence under Mary |
| What were the events of Wyatt's Rebellion? | January - Start of Rebellion February - Mary begins to rally support February - Rebels reach Southwark but can't cross Thames February - Rebels cross at Kingston upon Thames February - rebels surrender at Ludgate |
| What was the significance of Wyatt's? | * Protestant views could not be ignored * showed public suspicion towards Spanish marriage * led to execution of LJG due to father's participation in rebellion * Elizabeth arrested but Gardiner and Paget had reasons to let Elizabeth go |
| Intellectual development in Mary's reign | * Erasmus = heretic * religious doctrine = practical help to Catholicism @ parish level * A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine = straightforward * Stress influence of the Pope * Catholicism different to pre-reformation |
| Protestants during Mary's reign | * SPLIT as some wanted to follow 1552 Prayer book while others were more radical * Historians see Mary and Pole with disdain but really they were quite pivotal for Catholicism |
| What were the main features of Elizabeth's character? | * Well educated * Politically aware * wanted to make informed decisions * Did not want to be involved in details of government |
| What were Elizabeth's key short-term aims? | * Consolidate her position * Settle religious issues * Pursue peace with France |
| How did Elizabeth consolidate her power? | * Recognised by Mary and Philip (foreign :)) * political elite recognised her, seamlessly pledging allegiance * Based herself and showed herself around Tower of London * Quick coronation Jan 1559 |
| Why was 1558 a difficult time to become Queen? | * Bad harvests * Food scarce and expensive * Highest mortality rate since Black Death * Loss of Calais had been embarrassing * Religious policy had to change |
| What were the key features of the 1559 Act of Supremacy? | * Legislation from HVIII's reign restored * Described Liz as 'Supreme Governor' * oath of Supremacy had to be taken, Mary's bishops who refused were deprived of office * Gave Crown legislative authority |
| What were the key features of the 1559 Act of Uniformity? | * 1549 Prayer Book should be followed * Communion table but with Catholic artefacts * set out vestments of priests - another concession * Compulsory attendance - fines given to the poor * Attendance to Catholic mass = heavy fine / death penalty |
| What were the key features of the 1559 Royal Injunctions? | * Preachers to be licenced by a Bishop * Preachers must preach at least once a month * Church displays English Bible * Pilgrimages = outlawed * No more destruction of altars |
| What were the key features of the 1559 Prayer Book? | Fusion of Edward's Prayer Books: moderate 1549 language with Protestant words of 1552. Compromise in communion and literal/symbolic meaning of bread and wine |
| What were the 1563 Thirty Nine Articles? | Defined what 'Anglicism' meant and remains basis of Church of England today |
| What evidence is there to discuss how Protestant/Catholic Elizabeth was? | * English Deborah = Protestant * Councillors more zealously Prot - Cecil and Dudley saw settlement as starting point * Matthew Parker moderate = conservative * Bishops returning exiles = Prot * disapproved of marrying, distrusted preaching, preserved music = cons |
| What else defined the settlement during the 1560s? | * Apology of the Church of England 1562 (Salisbury) - true position returning * 39 Articles 1563 established DIFFERENCE * Elizabeth wanted to avoid religious warfare seen on the continent |
| What impact did the Elizabethan settlement have? | * Muted reaction, 400 clergymen deprived of livings * Refusal from Bishops = opportunity to create new leadership * Compared with 800 fleeing at start of Mary's reign, refusal was minimal |
| What localised opposition was there to the Elizabethan settlement? | * Some priests ignored the Prayer Book * Only half of JPs in 1564 actively supported settlement * Opposition mostly from financial aspects - plundering resources through 1559 Act of Exchange: take over property and only rent to her |
| Foreign Policy 1559-60 | * 1559 Cateau-Cambrais * 1559 Francis II King of France (married to MQoS) = use of Scotland in FP * John Knox and Calvinists alarmed, Eliz Wouldn't help * F+M use English coat of arms = Treaty of Berwick = block Leith = failed but French retreated * 1560 Francis died and Guise fam fell - security for Elizabeth |
| Foreign Policy 1562-64 | * 1562 Leicester (Dudley) persuades Eliz to support Huguenots in France to take advantage of French weakness to gain Calais * Eliz supports Prince of Conde and receives Le Havre * Conde captured and Duke of Guise assassinated = both French sides leaderless =both turn on ELIZABETH * Treaty of Troyes: permanent loss of Calais and Cateau-Cambrais scrapped = cautuious in future (Netherlands 1580) |
| What were Elizabeth's 3 socio-economic problems? | * Currency * Economy * Poverty and Vagabondage |
| How did Elizabeth tackle the issue of currency? | Replace debased coins with soundly minted ones. Limited impact because the good coinage was hoarded and debts paid with old money. Gov. could no longer be blamed for the issue. |
| How did Elizabeth tackle the economy? | * Caused by bad harvests, high mortality, high taxation and cuts in wages * Reliance on JPs and proclamations * STATUTE OF ARTIFICERS: fixed wages, made local magistrate responsible for agricultural wages, compulsory 7 year craft apprenticeships. Difficult to enforce. |
| How did Elizabeth tackle poverty and vagabondage? | * Due to Church no longer supporting, population rise, mortality, food shortages etc. Homeless were a threat to order * 'deserving' and 'undeserving' established * Poor Law Act: hoarding=serious crime, fines for those who refused to help the poor |
| What are the main arguments for the Mid-Tudor Crisis? | * POLLARD AND BINDOFF * Edward and Mary pale into insignificance * religious strife, inefficiency in gov, failure in FP, socio-eco distress |
| What are the main arguments against the Mid-Tudor Crisis? | * LOACH AND TITTLER * Less desirable features such as rebellion and social grievances apparent in 1530s * Policies in line with public opinion * Policies in line with priorities of reign |
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