Flashcards
Anatomy practicals weeks 1-2
Cards in this deck (49)
- 1What is the upper respiratory tract (URT)?-Refers to parts of the respiratory tract concerned with bulk air movement rather than gaseous exchange
-Extends from nose to main bronchi (start at bifurcation of trachea) at T5 - 2What does the URT do to inspired air?-Prepares it for gaseous exchange at the lung
-Humidifies it
-Filters it from microorganisms/particulates (sterilises it)
-Warms it up to 37 degrees Celsius - 3Describe the nasal cavities-Separated by nasal septum
-Lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
-Roof is lined with olfactory epithelium - 4Difference between choncae and meatuses?Chonchae- 3 in the nasal cavities. They project from the lateral walls (like flats). Inferior is a separate bone with superior and middle are parts of the ethmoid bone.
Meatus is the space overlaid by chonchae - 5Function of the chonchae?-Increases SA of the nasal cavities
-Slows down the air and makes it turbulent
-Allows rapid warming and humidification of air - 6What type of lining is in the oro/laryngopharynx? What is the pharynx?Protective non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
A muscular tube that extends from the skull to C6 - 7Blood vessels supplying the nasal cavities/paranasal sinuses are derived from maxillary artery. Where does this vessel arise?Larger of the 2 terminal branches of external carotid artery
- 8Complete Netter's Anatomy Flashcard 1-81 (Lateral wall of nasal cavity)
- 9What does the Eustachian tube do?-Links the nasopharynx to the middle ear
-Ventilates the middle ear space, ensuring that its pressure remains at near normal environmental air pressure
-Drain any accumulated secretions, infection, or debris from the middle ear space - 10Names/locations of paranasal sinuses?
- 11Where does each paranasal sinus drain into?Frontal- frontonasal duct
Sphenoidal- roof of nasal cavity
Maxillary- Hiatus semilunaris
(Ethmoid) anterior- Hiatus semilunaris
(Ethmoid) middle- Ethmoid bulla
(Ethmoid) posterior- Superior meatus - 12What drains into the inferior meatus? What does the fluid contain?Nasolacrimal duct
Contains excess tears hence why you have a runny nose when you cry - 13Complete Netter's Anatomy Flashcard 1-84 (Pharynx: opened posterior view)
- 14What is a tonsil? What is tonsillitis?-Tonsils are lymph nodes
-Part of the immune system
Infected tonsils - 15What other tonsillar tissue is associated with the pharynx?-2 x tubal tonsils
-2 x palatine tonsils
-1 x lingual tonsil
-1 x pharyngeal tonsil
Collectively make up Waldeyer's tonsillar ring - 16What are the constrictor and longitudinal groups of muscles in the pharynx and larynx? (nerve supply?)Constrictor (all vagus):
-superior
-middle
-inferior
Longitudinal:
-salpingopharyngeus (vagus)
-stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal)
-palatopharyngeus (vagus) - 17—
- 18Which sinus is particularly to sinusitis (when sinus is filled with infected pus and mucus)? Why?Maxillary
Drainage is close to roof of sinus not allowing adequate drainage - 19Why does infection in the ethmoidal sinuses cause infection in other paranasal sinuses?-Centrally located
-Shares drainage with other sinuses - 20Ethmoid bones are thin/fragile and are liable to injury (ie. a broken nose) Such an injury can cause the nasal septum to deviate from the midline. What respiratory dysfunction might result?Difficulty breathing through nose
Can block airflow in 1/both nostrils - 21Where is the retropharyngeal space?Between pharynx and vertebral column
- 22Why does a sore throat cause reduced hearing? What nerve carries the pain?Affects Eustachian tube
Glossopharyngeal - 23Trauma to the roof of the nasal cavity may result in clear non-viscous fluid leaving the nose. What is it and is it bad?-CSF
-Condition is called CSF rhinorrhea
-Leaves an open communication between the brain and non-sterile nose
-Patient can develop meningitis as well
-CSF can also leak out of ears as well - 24Where is the larynx?-Between the pharynx and trachea
-Anterior to the larygopharynx
-Opposite 3-6th cervical vertebrae - 25Functions of the larynx?-Ensures food/drink do not enter the larynx/trachea
-Initiates a cough reflex
-Produces sound during expiration - 26What does endoscopy allow?Direct visualisation of small structures with the ability to remove small objects that may be causing irritation/choking
- 27What do the vocal folds do?-Form a sphincter protecting the inlet of the trachea during swallowing.
-Are adducted during expiration and vibrate as air passes between them to produce a sound - 28The larynx can be divided into 3 compartments by folds projecting into the interior: -vestibule -subglottic space -ventricular space What are the boundaries of each?Vestibule: superior to vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
Subglottic space: inferior to vocal folds
Ventricular space: between the folds - 29What are the vocal ligaments?-Free edges of the conus elasticus membrane
-Involved in regulation of airway size and in phonation - 30What groups of muscles are involved in movement of the larynx?-Intrinsic muscles which move cartilages relative to each other
-Muscles of the pharynx which attach the larynx cartilages
-Strap muscles of the neck which control the position of the larynx - 31What 3 functional groups can the intrinsic muscles be divided into?-Move the epiglottis
-Close the laryngeal inlet
-Adduct/abduct the vocal cords and control their tension - 32Why can lesions of the vagus nerve be fatal? What has to be done?If bilateral, they can close the larynx
Tracheostomy-allows communication between the trachea and external environment - 33Why is the cricoid cartilage different to others?-Only laryngeal cartilage to fully encircle the airway
- 34Difference between adult male/female larynx?-Male larynx increases in size during puberty
-Cartilages are enlarged and thyroid cartilage becomes prominent
-Length of rima glottidis is doubled - 35What muscles are responsible for movement of the laryngeal apparatus during swallowing?External muscles: suprahyoid, infrahyoid and stylopharyngeus
- 36Which nerves respond the irritation of the larynx above and below the vocal cords?Above- superior laryngeal nerve
Below- recurrent laryngeal nerve - 37Function of the vestibular folds?-Prevents food/drink entering airway during swallowing, breathing
-Aids phonation - 38Take a look at a labelled diagram of the larynx (turn over) or the relevant Netter's flashcard
- 39What is the epiglottis? Function?An elastic cartilage whose role is to deflect a bolus of food from the laryngeal inlet to the posterior laryngopharynx where constrictor muscles will push it to the oesophagus during swallowing
- 40Muscles of the larynx?
- 41What does the vocalis muscle do? Innervation?-Adjusts tension in the vocal cords
-Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus - 42What does the cricothyoid muscle do? Innervation?-Stretches/tenses vocal ligament
-Exterior laryngeal merve - 43What does the transverse/oblique arytenoid muscle do? Innervation?-Adducts arytenoid cartilages
-Reccurent laryngeal nerve - 44—
- 45Describe the cough reflex1) Lining of the airway is irritated. Muscles in the throat/chest trigger cough mechanism
2) Volume of air is inhaled
3) Epiglottis closes as chest constricts. Air is compressed within the lungs
4) Epliglottis opens allowing a rapid burst of air to be expelled through the mouth - 46Where is the piriform recess? Clinical significance?Lateral to thyroid cartilage and thyrohyoid membrane
Common place for food to get trapped. Laryngeal nerve lies there which can get damaged. - 47Dual role of cricoid cartilage in respiration and digestion?Attachment site of muscles, cartilages and ligaments involved in opening/closing the airway
- 48What can be done to alleviate choking?-Coughing
-Back blows
-Abdominal thrusts
-Laryngoscope
-Bronchoscope
-Emergency tracheostomy - 49A patient has had by-pass surgery and told this has caused paralysis of 1 vocal cord. Why might they note a change in his voice?-Nerve impulses reaching the larynx are disrupted in the superior/recurrent laryngeal nerves
-Signs: hoarse/breathy voice, excessive air pressure needed to speak normally, diplophonia (more than 1 notes produced at a time)
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- Upper respiratory tract Larynx and phonation
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- Dolu Falowo
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