Flashcards
Anatomy sheets pt2
Cards in this deck (53)
- 1Where do the intestines start/end? Small/large intestine boundaries?-Starts after the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and extends to anus
Small: from pylorus to ileocaecal junction
Large: ileocaecal junction to anus - 2Is the small intestine in the peritoneum or not?Duodenum is retroperitoneal. Remainder is mobile in the abdominal cavity suspended on a mesentery
- 3Function of large intestine-Delaying onward passage of the liquid digesta
-Allows time for water absorption and storage of semi-solid faeces - 4Where is the gut tube located during development? Describe its arterial supplyRuns parallel to the developing aorta
Celiac artery: foregut
Superior mesenteric artery: midgut
Inferior mesenteric artery: hindgut - 5How does the gut move during development?-Growth of intra-abdominal organs and gut proceeds more rapidly than the abdominal cavity can accommodate
-Midgut herniates into the extraembryonic coelom within the umbilical cord
-On return, the midgut would have done a 270 degree clockwise rotation - 6Purpose of retention bands-Helps relocate gut on its return to the abdominal cavity
-Site of duodenal-jejunal flexure and splenic flexure of the colon - 7Describe the basic structure of the GITA tube with a lining of mucosa including:
-single epithelium
-layer of circular smooth muscle
-a layer outside of longitudinal smooth muscle
Entire tube is enclosed in connective tissue (peritoneum) - 8Type of epithelium in the mouth and tongue Describe the tongue in more detailStratified squamous epithelium
Has elevations (papillae) and vallate papilla towards posterior of tongue where taste buds are - 9Describe what is in each layer of the muscular tubeInnermost: mucosa with epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa
Middle: submucosa which can have glands
Outside: muscularis externa made up of circular/longitudinal muscle - 10What type of epithelium is in the stomach? Describe other general featuresSimple columnar epithelium
-Has infoldings (gastric pits)
-Lamina propria has gastric glands which open into gastric pits and contain: parietal cells, chief cells and APUD cells - 11Describe the small intestine (histologically)-Villi covered by columnar cells (enterocytes) with striated borders
-Goblet cells are between columnar cells
-Lymphocytes present
-Crypt of Lieberkuhn is a site of active division (replaces cells lost from upper regions) - 12Describe the large intestine (histologically)-No villi
-Crypts of Lieberkuhns
-Epithelium has absorptive and goblet cells
-APUD cells - 13Define stenosisAbnormal narrowing of a passage in the body
- 14Define atresiaAbnormal closing/absence of a passage in the body
- 15What are the taenia coli?3 separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons
- 16What is an ileal diverticulm?-Slight bulge in small intestine present at birth
-Can lead to bleeding, blood in stools, weakness, abdominal tenderness/pain
-Caused by incomplete obliteration of the yolk sac - 17What is the ileocaecal junction? Function?Where the small and large intestines meet
Only site for Vit. B12 + bile acid absorption - 18Describe the location of the sigmoid colon and rectum in males and femalesAnterior to bladder (uterus and upper vagina)
- 19What is pain Is pain arising from the viscera/visceral peritoneum well localised?An alerting, unpleasant sensation passing from tissue that is damaged or in the process of being damaged to the post-central gyrus of the brain where pain is perceived
No - 20Describe the defaecation reflex1) Distension in the rectum stimulates maintained high-intensity contraction of circular muscle in the colon. Faeces are propelled to the rectum
2) Reflexive contraction in the sigmoid colon/rectum occurs
3) Internal anal sphincter relaxes
4) External anal sphincter contracts
5) Defaecation does not occur but there is an urge due to the increased pressure in the rectum - 21What is Valseva's manoeuvre? Purpose?Forced exhalation against a closed airway (ie. by closing mouth and holding nose)
This exerts pressure on the digestive tract aiding defaecation - 22How does coeliac (or celiac) disease affect the patient? What causes it and what is the prognosis?-Caused by an adverse reaction to gluten
-Small intestines are inflamed and unable to absorb nutrients (malabsorption)
-Villi are destroyed
-No cure but is managed by a gluten-free diet
-Symptoms: diarrhoea, abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, indigestion, constipation - 23Ulcerative colitis causes destruction of the absorptive epithelium of the large bowel. How will this affect the consistency of the faeces?Bloody diarrhoea
- 24Where is McBurney’s point? Why is it important?Right side of abdomen that is 1/3 the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus
Deep tenderness indicates acute appendicitis. Inflammation has spread to parietal peritoneum (increased likelihood of rupture) - 25Why does constipation predispose a person to haemorrhoids?Haemorrhoids: swollen veins in lowest part of rectum/anus
-Sitting on a toilet for a long time increases likelihood (puts more pressure on the veins)
-person tends to bear down and strain harder (and more frequently) also putting pressure on veins - 26Why is appendicitis more common in children than in adults? Explain the apparent movement of pain associated with the progression of appendicitis.Appendix is more liable to obstruction and inflammation due to large proportion of lymphoid tissue
-Becomes swollen/inflammed and so irritates parietal peritoneum
-Pain is localised to right lower quadrant
-Severe sudden release of deep pressure in lower abdomen (rebound tenderness) - 27What are the 2 types of saliva?Watery component: moistens ingested food and lubricates the masticatory process
Mucus: binds food into a bolus before swallowing - 28What does the pancreas do?Produces enzymes needed for chemical digestion in the small intestine and produces bicarbonate ions for neutralisation of acid chyme
- 29What does the liver do?-Produces bile
-Site of homeostatic metabolism as all blood from the digestive system passes through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation (and the heart) - 30Describe the general structure of the digestive tractA muscular tube lined with mucosa and submucosa and is surrounded by an outer connective tissue layer
- 31How does the liver and pancreas develop?-Arise as an outgrowth from the caudal part of the foregut
-Quantity of oxygenated blood flowing into the liver from the umbilical vein determines development and functional segmentation of the liver
-Right and left lobes are initially the same size but the left (when looking at it anteriorly) lobe becomes larger - 32Describe bile development-Formation begins during week 12
-Small part of the hepatic diverticulum becomes the gallbladder and its stalk forms the cystic duct
-Bile enters duodenum from week 13 - 33Describe the pancreas-Mixed gland
-Islets of Langerhans (endocrine cells) are scattered within exocrine cells (mostly towards the tail)
-Islets of Langerhans produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatins
-Exocrine cells secrete pro-enzymes into the pancreatic duct that empties into the duodenum
-Retroperitoneal
-Vulnerable if gastric ulcers perforate - 34Describe the location of the liver-Lies under diaphragm
-Located in R hypochondrial, epigastric and extends into L hypochondrial regions
-Superior borders extend to rib 5
-Right border extends between rib 7-11 - 35Describe the vasculature of the liver What happens if one of these vessels is blocked?Arterial supply: hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein (blood from GIT)
Venous drainage: hepatic veins which lead to IVC
-75% of arterial blood is from hepatic portal vein
-If liver becomes fibrosed, portal hypertension can occur (passage of portal blood is restricted)
-An anastamoses can occur between the portal and venous systems so that collecting portal blood can escape - 36Why do mucous cells in submandibular salivary glands appear pale?The mucus has been washed out
- 37How would the parotid gland appear different to the submandibular gland histologically?Parotid gland would have fewer mucous cells (would stain darker) since the saliva is more serous
- 38How does a cirrhotic liver surface differ to that of a normal liver?The surface should appear glossy due to the connective tissue capsule. Scar tissue replaces tissues in the liver
- 39The image shows a gallbladder than was removed from a patient suffering from jaundice. What type of jaundice would this have been?Post-hepatic
There is normal bile production but flow is blocked
- 40What are gallstones?Hard crystalline masses made from bile pigments, cholesterol and calcium salts
- 41What are Kupffer cells?Phagocytic cells in walls of sinusoids
Engulf mature RBCs - 42What is an annular pancreas?-Second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue that is continuous with the head of the pancreas
-Constricts duodenum and inflames pancreas
- 43—Red- right
Yellow- lieft
Blue- caudate lobe
Green- quadrant lobe
- 44Label the liver ligaments
- 45Describe the ductular system linking the gallbladder and the pancreas to the duodenum-Cystic duct from the gallbladder units with bile duct from liver to form common bile duct
-Common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct
-Hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater is created which opens into the duodenum (opening controlled by sphincter of Oddi) - 46What is the function of the gallbladder?-Temporary storage of bile
-Contracts after a meal to release bile in response to eating (fat absorption) - 47What is the best imaging method to view the liver?CT
MRI - 48Gallstones may form within the gall bladder. Where would pain be perceived? Would jaundice result after impaction of a gallstone into the cystic duct? The right hepatic duct? The common bile ductRight hypochondriac region
Yes
No
Yes - 49What is haemolytic jaundice? Cholestatic jaundice?-Result of accelerated breakdown of RBC (increased bilirubin)
Flow of bile is reduced/blocked/retained in bloodstream - 50What is cirrhosis? CholecystitisScar tissue caused by excessive alcohol use
Inflammation of gallbladder/cystic duct (result of gallstones) - 51What is congenital hyperbilirubinaemia? Hepatitis?Defects in enzyme involved in bilirubin metabolism
Inflammation of liver due to virus/damage. Leads to necrosis - 52What is chronic pancreatitis?Pancreas is permanently damaged from inflammation
- 53What is necrosis? Why does it occur when there is damage to the pancreas?Cell death in an organ/tissue due to disease, injury, failure of blood supply
High levels of inflammation cause interruptions to blood supply. Enzymes can cause auto-digestion.
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- Histology of the digestive tract and topography of the small/large intestines
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- Dolu Falowo
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