Flashcards
logical reasoning
Cards in this deck (45)
- 1Assumption DescriptionWhat is absolutely necessary
- 2Assumption Stem"The args assume which of the following?
- 3Assumption Passage Steps1. ID evidence and conclusion
2. Note any gaps or assumptions
3. Predict a possible answer
4. Note word Strength - 4Assumption Answer Choices Steps1-Ask, "Does this absolutely have to be true?" 2 - l f false, will it destroy the conclusion?
*Remember the strength of the passage limits the strength of the answer. Also, watch out for the incorrect answer that would strengthen the argument but is not absolutely necessary. - 5Interference DescriptionIf-Then Statement
- 6Interference Stem"Which of the following can be logically/validly/properly inferred/concluded?" "Which of the following must also be true?"
- 7Interference Passage Steps1-Diagram the If-Then statements.
2 - Be sure to connect the statements especially the contrapositive.
3-Look for one of the two forms. - 8Interference Answer Choices1-Follow the arrows.
2-Watch for A-B-C and the answer as ~C-~A.
3-Also watch for some A are B, all Bs are Cs, and the answer is some As are Cs. - 9Inference Not if- Then Statement Passage Steps1-Carefully identify the pieces of evidence
2-Look for how the pieces of evidence connect
3-Note word strength
4-Formulate possible answers
5-Pay special attention to numeric data (statistics and numbers) - 10Inference Not if- Then Statement Answer Choices1-Ask" Is this proved 100 %?"
2-Word strength will often time play a key role
3-The correct answer does not have to correspond to reality - 11Most Supported DescriptionThese are usually a less stringent form of the non-if-then inferences
- 12Most Supported Stem"Which of the following is most supported by the information above?"
"The passage provides the most evidence in support of which of the following?"
"The passage most strongly supports which of the following?" - 13Most Supported Passage Steps1-Carefully identify the pieces of evidence. 2-Look for how the pieces of evidence connect
3-Note word Strength
4-Formulate possible answers - 14Most Supported Answer Choices Steps1 - ls there any evidence in favor of this answer?
2 - ls it better than the other four choices?
3---Word strength will usually help eliminate the wrong answers. - 15Conclusion DescriptionWhat is the main point?
- 16Conclusion Stem"Which of the following best expresses the author's conclusion/main point?"
"The conclusion/main point of the argument is that?" - 17Conclusion Passage Steps1- Carefully note pieces of evidence
2-Look for connections between evidence
3-Ask yourself "Therefore what?" and formulate your answer
4-Note word strength - 18Conclusion Answer Steps1-Often uses first and the last sentences combined
2-Beware of answer choices that are simply one of the pieces of
evidence
3-Word strength will often play a role in getting rid of the wrong answer
choices. - 19Strengthen DescriptionWhat will make the argument better?
What will support the conclusion? - 20Strengthen Stem"Which of the following, IF TRUE/assumed/established/shown, would most strengthen/bolster/support/justify the conclusion/argument?"
- 21Strengthen Passage Steps1-ldentify evidence and conclusion
2-Notice any gaps
3-Formulate possible answers - 22Strengthen Answer Steps1-Remember these are usually best of five 2-Ask. "Does this strengthen (state conclusion)?"
3-Does it beat out the other four?
4-Three ways to strengthen. - 23Weaken DescriptionWhat will undermine the conclusion
- 24Weaken Stem"Which of the following, IF TRUE/assumed/established/shown, would most weaken/undermine/cast doubt/call in question the conclusion/argument?"
- 25Weaken Passage Steps1- identify evidence and conclusion
2-Notice any gaps
3-Formulate possible answers - 26Weaken Answer Steps1-Remember these are usually best of five 2-Ask, "Does this weaken (state conclusion)?"
3-Does it beat out the other four?
4-Three ways to weaken. - 27Resolve DescriptionWhat will explain the weird thing?
- 28Resolve Stem"Which of the following, IF TRUE/assumed/established/shown, would most explain/ justify/ resolve/ account for the discrepancy/ paradox/ contradiction/ unusual finding above?"
- 29Resolve Passage Steps1-Find the discrepancy
2-Note the two groups or cases (esp. norm vs. exception)
3-Formulate a "Why..?" question.
4-Think of a possible answer. - 30Resolve Answer Steps1-Does this differentiate between the two groups or cases?
2-Does this answer the "Why..?" question
3 - ls it better than the other four? - 31Structure DescriptionDescribe the arg in general terms
- 32Structure StemThe argument proceeds by, the argument uses which one of the following techniques?
Which of the following best describes the method/technique/strategy? - 33Structure Passage Steps1-ldentify evidence and conclusion.
2-Focus on the evidence.
3-Describe the evidence generally/broadly. - 34Structure Answer Steps1-ls this what you said?
2 - l f no, is it possibly a description of the argument?
3-Focus on the active clause of the answer choices to speed up the process.
4 - Be sure you can correlate specifics in the passage to the answer choice.
5-Remember that they will often use confusing language. - 35Flaw DescriptionDescribe what is wrong with the passage
- 36Flaw Stem"The argument uses which one of the following flawed strategies?" "Which of the following best describes the flawed used in the argument?"
"The argument is vulnerable because it, which of the following best describes the fallacy in the argument?" - 37Flaw Passage Steps1-Find the flaw
a. Identify evidence and conclusion
b. Note the gap
2-Describe the flaw in general terms - 38Flaw Answer Steps1-ls this what you said?
2 - l f no, is it possibly a description of the argument?
3-Focus on the active clause of the answer choices
4 - Be sure you can correlate specifics in the passage to the answer choice
5-They will use confusing language. - 39Parallel Reasoning DescriptionWhat is most similar to the passage
- 40parallel reasoning passage steps1-Conclusion trick
a. If-Then statements?
b. Word Strength/Scope
c. Tense and Pos. Vs. Neg.
2 - lf that does not work use the same strategy on the evidence, or ...
3-Describe the evidence - 41parallel answer steps1-Look for the answer that matches in all relevant respects
d. If-Then statements?
e. Word Strength/Scope
f. Tense and Pos. Vs. Neg. - 42parallel flaw descriptionwhich one is most similarly flawed?
- 43parallel flaw stem"The flawed structure of which of the following is most similar to that above?" "Which of the following most closely parallels the flawed reasoning used above?"
"Which of the following exhibits a similar fallacy?" - 44parallel flaw passage steps1. Find the flaw
2. describe the flaw - 45parallel flaw answer stepslook for a similar flaw in the answer. thats it.
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- Flashcards on logical reasoning, created by Hegel Salgado on 08/02/2018.
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- Hegel Salgado
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