Flashcards
psychology - attachment
Cards in this deck (22)
- 1What is reciprocity?Infants and caregivers take it in turn to have a conversation but using actions to respond to each others signals eg smiling
- 2What is interactional synchrony?the infants and caregivers actions become synchronised so they occur at the same time as each other eg moving in the same way
- 3Which study shows interactional synchrony?Meltzoff and Moore observed interactional synchrony in infants as young as 2. The adults displayed one of 3 facial expressions and the childs response to the expression was filmed and watched frame by frame by independent observers. They found there was an association between the adult displaying an expression and the action of the baby
- 4What did Schaffer and Emerson study? (stages of attachment development)They carried out a longitudinal study of 60 babies from w/c areas in Glasgow. They were visited once a month for the first year and again after 18 months. They carried out interviews with the mothers to measure separation protest and observations with the babies to measure stranger anxiety
- 5How could you evaluate Schaffer and Emerson?+realism. fact it was done over a long period of time and in their homes meant it had good external validity. they were acting normal
-social desire. mothers may not answer truthfully
-some mothers are less sensitive to their infants anxiety - 6Outline Lorenzs researchHe split up a clutch of gosling eggs - one half left with the mother the other half left in lorenzs' incubator. He made sure the incubator goslings imprinted on him as soon as they opened their eyes. to test this imprinting he put all the goslings together under one box (marked them) and put him and the mother at either side of the room to see where they'd run off too
- 7Outline Lorenzs findingsthe goslings divided themselves but Lorenz noted that imprinting is restricted to a time period - if they havent imprinted within a certain time-a persistently present moving object within 2 days it will not happen
+also noted long lasting effects on mating - 8Outline Harlows researchCreated two wire monkey mothers, one with a monkey head made out of cloth the other with a milk bottle made from wire. 8 monkeys were studied for 165 days. He measured how many times the monkeys stayed with each of the two 'mothers' and how they repsonded when frightened by a mechanical teddy bear.
- 9Outline Harlows findingsAll 8 monkeys spent more time with the cloth mothers. the monkeys who fed from the wire mother were only there for a short time as they returned to the cloth monkey straight after. then they were frightened they clung to the cloth mother. when the monkeys were playing with new objects they kept one foot on the cloth monkey for reassurance, Findings show attachment develops to those who offer contact and comfort not food
- 10Evaluate Lorenz-difficult to generalise findings to humans.Although some research can be applied to humans theres a problem in birds. eg mammals may be able to form attachment outside of the critical period
-oberservations have been questioned as its been claimed imprinting has a permanent effect Guiton mating with a rubber glove can be reserved - 11Evaluate Harlow-confounding variables. not only did the heads differ in materials but the head differed in psychical features - they didnt look like each other. we cant b sure that they attached for the comfort or just because one was scarier than the other
+practical application. highlighted the importance of comfort for healthy development. this lead to changes in orphanages - 12Outine the learning theory as an explanation of attachmentDollard and Miller use 'cupboard love' to suggest children learn to form an attachment to those who satisfy their needs. they use operant con to show that a hungry infant feels uncomfortable which creates a drive to reduce this hunger, when theyre fed the hunger is reduced so the food is the primary reinforcer. the person who provides the food becomes the secondary reinforcer so attachment occurs as they are receiving a reward again
also use classical con.
Milk ucs -- pleasure ucr
caregiver ns -- milk cs -- pleasure ucr
cargiver cs -- pleasure cr - 13Evaluate the learning theory as an explanation of attachment-contradictory evidence. Harlows monkeys attached for comfort not food
- 14Explain Bowlbys monotropic theoryAttachment can be explained by natural selection - children have become genetically programmed to behave towards their mothers in certain ways to increase their survival chance. Their behaviour are called social releaser's eg looking cute.
3 features of the theory
1. attachment must be formed within a critical time period. in children an attachment must be made before 2..5 years or it never will
2. the infant displays a strong innate tendency to form a special attachment to one particular adult female this is monotropy
3. the mono attachment creates an internal working model which is a scheme on which all future relationships are based on - 15Evaluate Bowlbys monotropic theory+shows the importance of social releasers. in the still face experiment caregivers were told to ignore their babies social relasers this shows the important of infants social behaviour in the development of attchment
- 16Who did the Strange Situation and outline the procedureMary Ainsworth carried out the str sit on American infants. obersations were a series of 8 steps each designed to measure a different aspect of attachment each step lasting 3 minutes.
1. mother+infant in room
2.. motheres sits, child left to play
3.strangers enters, talks with mum
4.mothers leaves, stranger+baby in room
5. strangers leaves, mother enters
6. mother leaves, infant left alone
7. stranger enters
8. strangers leaves, mother returns - 17What were the strange situations findings?found children could be categorised into 3
secure 70%, insecure resistant 15% and insecure avoidant 15% - 18What are the 3 types of attachment and their characteristicssecure
1. willing to explore
2. easy to comfort
3. caregiver is responsive
Insecure resistant
1.highly distressed with mother leaves
2. clingy mixed with reject as they dont approve of their mother leaving them
insecure avoidant
1.not concerned with mothers absence
2. avoids mother when returns
3. caregiver is unresponsive - 19Evaluate the strange situation-assumes every infant is 1 out of the 3 and that what type they are is permanent but it could change when fam circumstances change
-Solomon recognised a fourth attachment type (insecure disorganise) not recognised by mary
-does it really measure attachment. Lamb says shes only measuring the relationships between the two if it was done with the other parent results would be different. no external validity
-Brofenbrenner says attachment would be much stronger in a lab anyway - 20What is cultural variations in attatchment?Examining different attachments across cultures. Kroonenberg and Iljendoorn carried out a meta analysis combining the findings from 32 studies of the strange situation from different countries
- 21What are the findings from cultrual variations of attachment1. there are more variations within cultures than between cultures
2. secure attachment is the most common (suggests attachment in universal)
3. in western cultures the most dominant insecure attachment was insecure avoidant, in non western cultures is it insecure resistant - 22Evaluate cultrural research in attachment-depsite it being a meta analysis over half of the studies were done in USA and 5 out of the 32 being from non western cultures. cant generalise
-ethics. the infant leaving the mother is distressing. Japans children are rarely separated from their parents which could be highley distressing
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- Flashcards on psychology - attachment , created by Laura Denby on 28/02/2018.
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- Laura Denby
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