12688076
Description
| Question | Answer |
| Cognition | All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| Concept | A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
| Prototype | A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). |
| Algorithm | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics. |
| Heuristic | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |
| Insight | A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
| Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |
| Mental Set | A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
| Intuition | An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. |
| Availability Heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. |
| Overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. |
| Belief Perseverance | Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| Framing | The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
| Creativity | The ability to produce new and valuable ideas. |
| Convergent Thinking | Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. |
| Divergent Thinking | Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions. |
| Expertise | Well-developed knowledge—furnishes the ideas, images, and phrases we use as mental building blocks. |
| Imaginative Thinking Skills | Provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections. |
| A Venturesome Personality | Seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | The quality of being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures. |
| A Creative Environment | Sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas. |
| Fixation | Inability to view problems from a new angle; focuses thinking but hinders creative problem solving. |
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