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Description
Flashcards by Adam O'Rourke, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Adam O'Rourke
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The Typology Approach | Based on interviews and case studies of 36 serial sex offenders The organised/disorganised distinction helps narrow down they type of person it is |
| Organised | Organised - (Crime Scene) Planned, Victim is a stranger, controlled, use of restraints, weapon removed, body hidden. (Personality) Average to high intelligence, socially and sexually competent, skilled employment, |
| Disorganised | (Crime Scene) Little evidence of planing, victim is known, evidence left behind, little use of restraint, body in open view (Characteristics) Below average intelligence, socially and sexually incompetent, unskilled employment, lives alone and close to the scene |
| Douglas | Organised/Disorganised typology can be applied to all sexually motivated murders and some cases of arson |
| Evaluation of the Typology Approach | The interviews conducted to develop the theory were from a limited sample The distinction is an oversimplification |
| Evaluation of Geographical Profiling | Goodwill and Alison - Geographical info is more important then timing in relation to house burglaries Canter and Youngs - Combining geographical and psychological data is clearly necessary, geographical info alone isn't enough |
| Alison | Typology Approach relies on 2 assumptions, 1. The offenders behaviour is constant over different crime scenes 2. The offenders behaviour at a crime scene is consistent with their normal everyday behaviour The first assumption is supported the second isn't |
| Other Types of Classification | Jenkins - Suggests two different categories of a serial murder, the respectable and the predictable type Holmes and De Burger - 6 Types that can be defined by a combination of 14 characteristics |
| Canter | Tested the validity of the organised/disorganised distinction Looked at 100 murder by 100 serial killers in the USA Found that organised type is typical of most serial killers and disorganised doesn't occur often enough to be considered a type. Concluded that there is no clear distinction between organised and disorganised, being that organised is a characteristic of serial killers as a whole |
| Profiling Process | 1. Data Assimilation - Data compiled from police reports, post mortems, crime scene photo's etc 2. Crime Classification - Decide whether crime is organised or disorganised 3. Crime Reconstruction - Hypothesis of crime sequence, offender and victim behaviour 4. Profile Generation - Offenders physical demographic and behavioural characteristics |
| Geographical Approach | Basic Assumption is the offenders prefer to operate in areas they are familiar with. Canter and Gregory - Marauders commit crimes in their own area, commuters travel to commit crimes. Successfully used in the case of the Yorkshire Ripper, Kind - Analysis of the locations identified a 'center of gravity' which enables inference about the base and occupation |
| Canter and Youngs | Geographical Profiling is built on accepted psychological theory about how people represent or conceptualise information |
| Bartlet | Proposed the idea that information is stored in mental schemas, a mental map is a type of schema containing info about the area, according to Canter, information about the location of crimes reflects on their mental map, and since each persons would be individual it would reflect their personal experience of their environment |
| Pinizzotto and Finkel | Evaluated the effectiveness of offender profiler training. Five groups, FBI trained profilers, trained police detectives, experienced but untrained police detectives, clinical psychologists and students were asked to make profiles on a solved sex offence case and murder case. All given the same info. Trained experts produced better profiles for the sex offence but they weren't significantly better for the murder case. Shows training is of some use |
| Interpersonal Coherence | The offender uses the same behaviour with all the victims, also uses similar victims, eg all students, or all the same ethnicity |
| Lundrigan and Canter | Argue that all criminal spatial decision making is influenced by social, cognitive, economic factors such as age, intelligence, marital status etc |
| Case Study of John Duffy | Between 1982 and 1986 24 sexual assaults and 3 murders occurred in London. Canter, a psychologist, was asked to draw up a profile of the likely offender. Geographical information was an important aspect of the investigation along with witness reports. Canters profile led to the arrest of John Duffy. The profile was found to be accurate in many aspects about where he lived, his marital staus, and his job |
| Douglas and Burgess | Define offender profiling as 'an investigative technique by which to identify major personality and behavioural characteristics of the offender based upon the analysis of the crime(s) he or she has committed' |
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