Flashcards
Fluid and Electrolytes
Cards in this deck (75)
- 1Phosphate Normal Levels2.5-4.5 mg/dL
- 2Role of phosphate in the bodyHelps build bones, teeth, nerve muscle and function.
Stored mainly in the bones - 3What two things play a role in phosphate regulation?The kidneys and parathyroid
- 4What influences phosphate?Calcium in the opposite way.
When phosphate levels decrease, calcium levels increase. - 5What vitamin plays an important role in phosphate absorption?Vitamin D
- 6Causes of hyperphosphatemia Remember "PhosHI"-Phospho-soda overuse: phosphate containing laxatives or enema, don't give to patients with renal failure
-Hypoparathyroidism: due to under secretion of parathyroid hormone. This causes phosphate to become over absorbed by the kidneys.
-Over use of Vit D: causes over absorption of phosphate.
- Syndrome of tumor lysis: occurs with treatment of cancer. Causes electrolytes to imbalance due to the cell dying and releasing intracellular contents
-rHabdomylosis: rapid necrosis of the muscle and lead to myoglobin being released into the bloodstream which affects kidneys and causes renal failure.
-Insufficiency of kidneys: causes phosphate not to be excreted. - 7S&S of Hyperphosphatemia "CRAMPS"Confusion
Reflexes hyperactive
Anorexia
Muscle spasm in claves or feet, tetany, seizures
Positive Trousseau's sign, pruritis
Signs of Chovstek - 8Nursing interventions of Hyperphosphatemia-Administer phosphate binding drugs (Phoslo) which works on the Gi system and excretes phos through the stool. (NCELX: give with meals or right after)
-Avoid using phosphate medication like laxatives and enema
-Restrict foods high in phosphate
-Prepare patient for dialysis if patient in renal failure - 9Causes of hypophosphatemia "Phosphate"-Pharmacy: drugs like aluminum hydroxide-based or mg based antacid cause malabsorption in GI system
-Hyperparathyroidism: over secretion of PTH which causes phosphate to not be reabsorbed at all
-Oncogenic osteomalacia: kidneys start to waste phosphate which leads to low phosphate levels and softening of the bones
-Syndrome of Refeeding: causes electrolytes and fluid problems due to malnutrition or starvation
-Pulmonary issues such as reap alkalosis (under alkalotic cond. phosphate moves out of the blood into the cell which causes phosphate blood levels to decrease)
-Hyperglycemia: glycosuria, polyuria, ketoacidosis which causes kidneys to waste phosphate
-Alcoholism: affects body's ability to absorb phosphate
-Thermal Burns: due to shifting of phis intracellularly
-Electrolyte imbalances: hypercalcemia, hypomagnesia, hypokalemia cause phosphate levels to decrease - 10S&S of Hypophosphatemia "BROKEN"-Breathing problems from muscle weakness
-Rhabdomyolysis: tea colored looking urine due to myoglobin in the urine and muscle weakness/pain
-Osteomalacia (softening of bones) fractures and decreases bone density, Cardiac Output decreased
-Kills immune system with immune suppression and decreased platelet aggregation
-Extreme weakness, Eccymoses from decreased platelets
-Neuro status changes (irritability, confusion, seizures) - 11Nursing interventions for Hypophosphatemia-Admin oral phis with Vit D supplement
-If TPN watch pt complaints of muscle weakness or pain (from rhabdomylosis or refeeding)
-Ensure pt safety due to risk of bone fractures
-Encourage foods high in phos but low in Ca+ (Fish, organ meats, nut, pork, beef chicken, whole grains)
-If phos is less than 1 mg/dL dr may order Iv phos which affects Ca+ levels casing hypocalcemia or increase phosphate levels (hyperphos) (assess renal status (BUN/CRE) before admin because if kidneys are failing pt won't be able to clear phosphate.
Also place on cardiac monitor and watch for EKG changes!! - 12Magnesium Normal Levels1.3-2.3 mg/dL
- 13Magnesium affects the body by...Transferring and storing energy, regulation of PTH.
Mg+ is absorbed in the small intestine
Mg+ is excreted via the kidneys - 14Cause of Hypermagnesemia "MAG"Hypermagnesemia is less common than hypomagnesemia.
-Magnesium containing antacid and laxatives (Mylanta, Maalox)
-Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency)
-Glomerular filtration insufficiency (<30 mL/min) renal failure. This is because kidneys are keeping too much mg+ - 15S&S of Hypermagnesemia "Lethargic"Mild cases=asymptomatic
-Lethargy (profound)
-EKG changes with PROLONGED PR & QT INTERVAL AND WIDENED QRS complex
-Tendon reflexes absent/grossly diminished
-Hypotension
-Arrhythmias (bradycardia, heart blocks)
-Respiratory arrest
-GI issues (N,V)
-Impaired breathing from skeletal weakness
-Cardiac arrest - 16Nursing interventions for Hypermagnesesmia-Monitor cardiac, resp, neuro, and renal stat. Put pt on cardiac monitor and watch EKG changes
-Ensure safety due to lethargic/drowsiness
-Admin diuretics that waste mg+ (if not in renal failure) like loop and thiazide diuretics
-Patient in renal failure prep for dialysis
-IV calcium may be ordered to reverse side effects of mg+ (watch for infiltration, prefer central line)
-Prevention:
1. Avoid giving mg+ containing antacids/lacatives to pt with renal failure
2. Assess for hypermg during IV infusions of mg+ sulfate for hypomagnesemia (S&S are diminished/absent deep tendon reflexes)
3. Withhold foods high in Mg+ (Avocado, Green leafy vegetables, PB, potatoes pork, Oatmeal, Fish (white tuna, mackerel), Cauliflower, dark chocolate, Legumes, nuts - 17Causes of Hypomagnesemia "LOW MAG"-Limited intake mg+ (starvation)
-Other electrolyte issues cause low mg+ levels (hypOkalemia, hypOcalcemia)
-Wasting mg+ kidneys (loop & thiazide diuretics & cyclosporine)
-Malabsorption issue (Chron's, Celiac, proton pump inhibitors
-Alcohol (Stim kidneys to excrete mg+, acute pancreatitis)
-Glycemic issues (DKA, insulin admin) - 18S&S of Hypomagnesemia "TWITCHING"Twitching= body is experiencing neuromuscular excitability.
-Trouesseau's (positive due to hypocalcemia)
-Weak respirations
-Irritability
-Torsades de pointes (abnormal heart rhythm that leads to sudden cardiac death…alcoholism) tetany (seizures)
-Cardiac Changes (mod: Tall T-waves & depressed ST segments) (severe: prolonged PR & QT interval) prolong of QT interval increases risk for Torsades de points, Chvostek's sign- from hypocalcemia
-Hypertension, hyperreflexia
-Involuntary movements
-Nausea
-GI issues (decreased bowel sounds and mobility) - 19Nursing Interventions for Hypomagnesemia-Monitor cardiac, GI, resp, neuro stat. Place on cardiac monitor
-May admin k+ supplements due to hypokalemia (hard to get mg+ levels up if k+ levels is down)
-Administering ca+ supplements
-Administer mg+ sulfate IV route. Monitor mg+ levels closely because pt can become mg+ toxic (watch for depressed or loss of deep tendon reflexes)
-Place pt in seizure precautions
-Oral forms of Mg+ can cause diarrhea, increase mg+ loss
-Watch other electrolyte levels like ca+ and k+
-Encourage foods rich in Mg+ (Avocado, green left veggies, PB, oatmeal, fish, cauliflower, legumes, nuts, oranges, milk) - 20Sodium Normal levels135-145 mEq/L
- 21Hypernatremia, what is the problem,?Is a water problem rather than a sodium problem. This is because when the body collects Na it causes a lot of H2O retention and this is what causes the problem
- 22Role of Na in the bodyHelps regulate the amount of water inside and outside the cells.
- 23Causes of hypernatremia "HIGH SALT"-Hypercortisolism (cushing's syndrome), hyperventilation
-Increased intake of sodium (oral or IV route)
-Gi feeding tube without adequate water supplements
-Hypertonic solutions
-Sodium excretions decreased (body keeps too much Na) and coritcosteroids
-Aldosterone overproduction
-Loss of fluids (dehydrated), infection (fever), sweating, diarrhea, and diabetes insipidus
-Thirst impairment - 24S&S of Hypernatremia "No FRIED foods for you!"-Fever, flushed skin
-Restless, really agitated
-Increased fluid retention
-Edema, extremely confused
-Decreased urine output, dry mouth/skin - 25Nursing Interventions for Hypernatremia-Restrict sodium intake, know foods high in Na
-Keep patient safe b/c confused & agitated
-Dr. may order isotonic or hypotonic solutions like 0.45% NA. Give sow because brain tissue is at risk/ risk for cerebral edema.
-Educate patient and fan about S&S of high sodium level and proper foods to eat. - 26Euvolemic Hyponatremia-Water in the body increases but sodium stays the same
-Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) retain water in the body which dilutes sodium
-Other causes: diabetes insipid us, adrenal insufficiency, Addison's disease - 27Hypovolemia Hyponatremia-Where pt has lost a lot of fluids and sodium
-V,D, NG suctions, diuretic therapy, burns, sweating - 28Hypervolemic HyponatremiaBody has increased fluid and sodium.
-sodium decreases due to dilution because total body water and sodium are regulated independently
-Causes: congestive HF, kidney failure, IV infusion of saline, liver failure - 29Causes of Hyponatremia "NO NA+"-Na+ excretion increased with renal probs, NG suction, vomiting, diuretics, sweating, diarrhea, decreased secretion of aldosterone
-Overload of fluid with CHF, hypotonic fluids infusions, renal failure
-Na+ intake lower through low salt diets or NPO
-Antidiuretic hormone over secreted (SIADH) - 30S&S of hyponatremia "SALT LOSS"-Seizures & stupor
-Abdominal cramping, attitude changes (confusion)
-Lethargic
-Tendon reflexes diminished, trouble concentrating
-Loss of urine & appetite
-Orthostatic hypotension, overactive bowel sounds
-Shallow respirations (skeletal muscle weakness)
-Spasms of muscles - 31Nursing interventions for Hyponatremia-Watch cardiac, resp, neuro, renal and GI stat
-Hypovolemic Hypo: give IV Na+ Cl- infusion to restore Na and fluids (3% saline hypertonic solution) give in ICU
-Hypervolemic Hyponatremia: restrict fluid intake and sometime administer diuretics to excretion of the extra water rather tan sodium
-Caused by SIADH or antiduretic hormone probes: fluid restriction or treated with an antidiuretic hormone antagonist (Declomycin, which is part of the tetracycline family (DON'T GIVE WITH DAIRY OR ANTACIDS)
-If pt takes lithium remember to monitor drug levels because its excretion will diminished and can cause lithium toxicity
-Instruct to increase oral sodium intake and some may prescribe NA tablets. - 32Calcium Normal Levels8.5-10.5 mEq/L
- 33Calcium Role in BodyPlays a huge role in bone, teeth, and muscle nerve function, cell and blood clotting
-Calcium is absorbed in the GI system
-Store in the bones
-Excreted by the kidneys
-Vit D helps play a role in Ca absorption - 34Causes of Hypercalcemia "HIGH CAL"-Hyperparathyroidism (causes too much ca to be released into blood)
-Increased intake of Ca
-Glucocorticoids usage (suppressed Ca absorption which leaves more Ca in the blood)
-Hyperthyroidism
-calcium excretion decreased with Thiazide diuretics & renal failure, cancer of bones
-Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
-Lithium usage (affect the parathyroid and causes phosphate to decrease and Ca to increase) - 35S&S of Hypercalcemia "The body is too WEAK"-Weakness of muscles (profound)
-EKG changes SHORTENED QT INTERVAL (most common) and prolonged PR interval
-Absent reflexes, absent minded (disorientated), abdominal distention from constipation
-Kidney stone formation - 36Nursing Interventions for HypercalcemiaMild:
-Keep patients hydrated
-Safe from falls or injury
-Monitor cardiac, GI, Renal, Neuro stat
-Assess for complaints of flank or ab pain & strain urine for stones
-Decrease Ca+ rich foods and intake of Ca+ preserving drugs like thiazides, vit D
(Yogurt, sardines, cheese, spinach, collard greens, tofu, rhubarb, milk)
Mod cases:
-Administer Ca reabsorption inhibitors: Calcitonin, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (ASA, NSAIDS)
Severe:
Prepare patient for dialysis - 37Causes of Hypocalcemia "LOW CALCIUM"-Low parathyroid hormone due to the destruction or removal of parathyroid gland
-Oral intake inadequate (alcoholism, bulimia)
-Wound drainage (esp. GI system)
-Acute pancreatitis
-Low Vit D levels
-Chronic Kidney Issues
-Increased phos levels in the blood
-Using meds like mg+ supplements, laxatives, loop diuretics, calcium binder drugs
-Mobility issues - 38S&S of Hypocalcemia "CRAMPS"-Confusion
-Reflexes hyperactive
-Arrhythmias (prolonged QT and ST interval)
-Muscles spasms in claves or feet, tetany, seizures
-Positive trousseau's (this sign may be positive before others)
-Chvostek's sign - 39Nursing Interventions for Hypocalcemia-Safety (fall risk bone fractures, seizure precautions, laryngeal spasms
-Admin IV calcium. Assess for infiltration or phlebitis (tissue sloughing) WATCH FOR DIG TOX
-Admin oral ca+ with vit D (given at meals or bedtime with water)
-If phos is high dr. might order aluminum hydroxide antacids (TUMS) to decrease phos levels to increase Ca+
-Encourage intake of foods high in ca+ (yogurt, sardines, cheese, spinach, collard greens, tofu, rhubarb, milk) - 40Potassium Normal Levels3.5-5.0 mEq/L
- 41Potassium function in the body-It is found in the intracellular part of the cell compared to the extracellular which is where sodium is mainly found
Responsible for nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction - 42Causes of Hypokalemia "Your body is trying to DITCH potassium"-Drugs (laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids)
-Inadequate consumption of Potassium
-Too much water intake (dilutes potassium)
-Cushing's syndrome (adrenal glands produce excessive amount of cortisol, and cause the body to retain Na+ and water but waste potassium)
-Heavy fluid loss (NG suction, V, D, wound drainage, sweating) - 43S&S of hypokalemiaSLOW and LOW
-Weak pulses (irregular and thread)
-Orthostatic hypotension
-Depression ST, flat or inverted T wave and prominent u wave
-Shallow respiration with diminished breath sounds, due to weakness of accessory muscles)
-Flaccid paralysis
-Decrease deep tendon reflexes
-Decreased bowel sounds - 447 L's of hypokalemia1. Lethargy
2. Low, shallow respirations
3. lethal cardiac dysrhythmias
4. lots of urine
5. Leg cramps
6. Limps muscles
7. Low Bp & heart - 45Nursing interventions hypokalemia-Watch heart rhythm, respiratory status, neuro, GI, urinary output and renal status
-Watch other electrolytes like mg+, glucose, Na, Ca
-Administer oral supplements for K+ with dr order, give with food can cause GI upset
-IV K+ for levels 2.5 less
-Causes phlebitis or infiltration
-Don't give lasix or thiazides (waste K+)
-Physician will switch pt to K+ sparing diuretics spironolactone, dyazide
-Eat food (Potatoes, Oranges, Tomatoes, Avocados, strawberries, spinach, fish, mushrooms, musk melons - 46Causes of hyperkalemia "The Body CARED too much about Potassium"-Cellular Movement of Potassium from IC to EC (burns, tissues damages, acidosis)
-Adrenal Insufficiency with addison's disease
-renal failure
-Excessive Potassium intake
-Drugs (potassium-sparing) - 47S&S of Hyperkalemia "MURDER"-Muscles weakness
-Urine production little or none (renal failure)
-Respiratory failure (decreased ability to use breathing muscles or seizures develop)
-Decreased cardiac contractility (weak pulse, low blood pressure)
-Early signs of muscles twitches/cramps, late profound weakness, flaccid
-Rhythm changes: Tall peaked T Waves, flat P waves, Widened QRS and prolong PR interval - 48Nursing interventions for hyperkalemia-Monitor cardiac, resp, neuromuscular, renal, and Gi status
-Stop IV potassium if running and hold any PO potassium supplements
-Initiate potassium restricted diet and remember foods that are high in k+
-Prepared patient for dialysis (those who regularly get this will have high K+)
-Doctor may order K+ wasting drugs like lasix
-Administer a hypertonic solution of glucose and regular insulin to pull the potassium into the cell.
-Stop foods rich in potassium (Potatoes, oranges, tomatoes, avocados, strawberries, spinach, fish mushrooms, cantaloupe) - 49ChlorideMajor anion of ECF mostly found in lymph and interstitial.
Inverse relationship with bicarbonate as cl moves from plasma into RBC. - 50Chloride Norm level97-107 mEq/L
- 51Causes of Hypochloremia-Caused by GI tube drainage, suctioning, gastric surgery, severe vomiting and diarrhea
-Admin of aldosterone, ACTH, corticosteroid, bicarb or laxatives cause decrease
-Sodium and bicarb ions are retained in the kidney to balance the loss, bicarb accumulates in ECF, high blood pH, hypochloremic metabolic acidosis - 52S&S Hypochloremia-Hyperexcitability of muscles, tetany, hyperactive DTR's weakness, twitching, muscle cramps
-Hypokalemia can cause hyoichloremia, cardiac dysrhytmias
-Low Cl levels, low Na+ levels, excess water, hyponatremia, seizures, coma
-Slow, shawllow respirations, resp acidosis - 53Nursing interventions Hypochloremia-Normal saline (0.9% or 0.45%) IV
-Discontinue loop or thiazide diuretics
-Ammonium chloride if renal/hepatic function normal
-Encourage foods: tomato juice, bananas, dates, eggs, cheese, milk, salty broth, canned veggies, processed meats - 54Causes of Hyperchloremia-Almost exclusively a result from iatrogenically induced hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, stemming from excessive administration of Cl= relative to NA AKA 0.9% Na, 0.45% NS or LR
-Can also be caused by loss of bar carbonate through kidneys or GI tract corresponding increased Cl- ions
-Excess ACTH - 55S&S of Hyperchloremia-Tachypenea (rapid breathing)
-weakness
-lethargy
-deep rapid reps
-diminished cog ability
-hypertension
-Can lead to decreased cardiac output, dysrhytmias and coma
-High Cl- level = High Na+ level = fluid retention - 56Nursing interventions Hyperchloremia-Administer hypotonic IV
-LR can be prescribed to convert lactate into bicarb
-Iv sodium bicarb to increase bicarb levels to secrete Cl- this is because bicarb and Cl- compete for combo with Na
-Administer diuretics
-Restrict Na+, Cl- and fluids
-Monitor vitals, ABG, I&O
-Educate pt about diet followed to manage hyperchloremia and maintain adequate hydration - 57Normal ABG levels:pH: 7.35-7.45
PaCO2: 38-42
HCO3 22-26 - 58Metabolic acidosisa metabolic problem due to the buildup of acid in the body fluids which affect the bicarb (HCO3 levels)
-Increased acid prod: increased in the body which decrease bicarb
-Decreased acid execration: renal failure where there is high amount of waste left in the body which causes the acids increase and bicarb can't control imbalance
-Loss of too much bicarb
-body tries to compensate in the reps system with hyperventilation through kussmaul's respirations - 59What is an anion gap?Patients lab work and calculates to see the difference between the anions and cations
- 60High anion acidosisCondition that causes the body to produce too much acid or not enough bicarb (DKA, ASA toxicity, renal failure, high fat diet, low carb diet, malnutrition)
- 61Normal Anion acidosisLoss of bicarb from the body (ex. diarrhea, ostomies or fistula drainage)
- 62Causes of Metabolic Acidosis "ACIDOTIC"-Aspirin toxicity (high anion gap)
-Carbohydrate not metabolized (high anion gap)
-Diarrhea (norma anion gap)
-Ostomy drainage (normal anion gap)
-Fistula (normal anion gap)
-Intake of high-fat diet
-carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - 63S&S of metabolic acidosis-Kussmaul's respirations (bodes way of trying to compensate by exhaling the excessive CO2 in hopes of increase bicarb and blood ph)
-Confused weak, low BP, cardiac changed, n, v - 64Nursing interventions for Metabolic Acidosis-Watch resp system and ABGs
-Assess other electrolyte levels
-Watch neuro stat, safety and place in seizure precaution
- Dialysis may be needed if they patent is experiencing acidosis
-Diabetic ketoacidosis - administer prescribed insulin to help glucose go back into the cell - 65Metabolic alkalosismetabolic problem cause by excessive loss of acids or increased amount of bicarb produced in the body that leads to an alkalotic state
-disease processes and drugs can cause metabolic alkalosis
-other systems try to compensate, like the resp system by hypoventilation - 66Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis "Alkali"-Aldosterone production excessive (hyperaldosteronism) actives renin-angiotension-aldosterone system
-Loop diuretics (lasix) or thiazide therapy
-Alkali ingestion of food increases bicarb level in blood
-Anticoagulant "cirate"
-Loos of fluids (vomiting or GI suctioning) - 67Nursing interventions for metabolic alkalosis-Based on the cause: vomiting, stop diuretics
-Dr. may order diamox (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors): a diuretic which reduces the reabsorption of bicarb
-Watch ABGs and signs of reap distress
-Monitor potassium and Cl levels - 68Respiratory AlkalosisMain cause of reap alkalosis is tachypnea (fast RR 20 bpm) which causes CO2 to decrease in the lungs)
- 69Causes of Resp Alkalosis "TACHYPNEA"-Temperature increases due to increased metabolic needs of the body from the reps center (Medulla pons) exhaling too much CO2
-Aspring toxicity
-Controlled ventilation- can hyperventilate a patient
-Hyperventilation
-Hysteria (anxiety)
-Pain, pregnancy, pneumonia
-Neuro injuries from head injury or stroke
-Embolism or edema
-Ashthma - 70S&S of reps alkalosis-Fast RR tachypnea (>20 BPM)
-Neuro changes: tired, lethargy, fast HR
-tetany, dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, Positive chvostek's sign due to hypocalcemia and hypokalemia - 71Nursing interventions for Resp. Alkalosis-Teach pt breathing tech. to slow breathing, hold breath (paper bag technique
-Watch K levels and for s&s of low ca and k levels
-closely watch pt on mech. ventilation to ensure breaths are not hyperventilating the pt - 72Main cause of Resp. AcidosisBradypnea (slow RR which causes CO2 to build up in the lungs)
- 73Causes of reap acidosis "DEPRESS"-Drugs cause reap depression, and disease of the neuro system
-Edema
-Pneumonia
-Resp center of brain damaged (Brain injury, stoke)
-Emboli
-Spasms of bronchial tubes
-Sac elasticity of alveolar sacs are damaged and districts air flow (emphysema and COPD) - 74S&S of resp Acidosis-Major neuro changes (confused, very drowsy, HA
-RR less than 12
-Low Bp - 75Nursing Interventions for resp acidosis-Admin O2
-encourage coughing and deep breathing
-Suction pneumonia
-May need resp treatment
-Hold resp depression rugs
-Watch k+ levels that are >5.1
-Admin antibiotics for infection
-May need endotracheal intubation if co2 mmhg or resp distress is present
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- Flashcards on Fluid and Electrolytes, created by Laura G on 08/04/2018.
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- Laura G
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