13202779
Description
Flashcards by Jack Henderson, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jack Henderson
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are Nucleotides? | Nucleotides are large molecules consisting of long chains of monomers joined together by phosphodiester bonds |
| What do Nucleotides consist of? | ➢ Phosphate ➢ Pentose sugar ➢ Nitrogen-containing base |
| What is Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)? | A molecule that has a phosphate - sugar backbone |
| What does DNA consist of? | ➢ A phosphate group ➢ A deoxyribose sugar ➢ A nitrogen base |
| What are the nitrogen bases of DNA? | ➢ Adenine (A) ➢ Cytosine (C) ➢ Guanine (G) ➢ Thymine (T) |
| What is the structure of DNA? | DNA is in the form of a Double Helix made by two strands of nucleotides |
| What binds the two strands of nucleotides in DNA | Hydrogen bonds join the two strands between nitrogen containing bases of opposite strands (A-T & C-G) |
| What is the role of DNA in our cells? | DNA stores genetic information in cells, including the storage of information for cellular growth and reproduction (Mitosis and Meiosis) |
| Where is DNA found in cells? | The nucleus of every cell |
| What are genes? | Genes are special sections of DNA that contain code for all proteins in our bodies |
| What does Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) consist of? | ➢ A phosphate group ➢ A Ribose sugar ➢ A nitrogen base |
| What are the nitrogen bases of RNA? | ➢ Adenine (A) ➢ Guanine (G) ➢ Cytosine (C) ➢ Uracile (U) |
| What is the structure of RNA? | RNA exists as a single strand of nucleic acid, folded due to hydrogen bonding between bases |
| What is mRNA and what is its function? | Message RNA It functions to encode amino acid sequence of a polypeptide |
| What is tRNA and what is its function? | Transfer RNA It functions to bring amino acids to ribosomes during translation |
| What is rRNA and what is its function? | Ribosomal RNA It functions to manipulate the composition of ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNA. |
| What does RNA control? | The composition of Ribosomes |
| What is the overall function of DNA and RNA? | DNA and RNA molecules are needed by our bodies to make the protein molecules that our cells need to function |
| What is Protein synthesis? | A biological processes by which individual cells build their specific proteins |
| What are the characteristics of Protein synthesis? | Different types of cells in the body need to synthesis different sets of proteins No one type of cell synthesises the same proteins at the same rate |
| What is the process of Transcription? | 1. A section of DNA (gene) unwinds 2. One strand of DNA bases is used as a template 3. A molecule mRNA is synthesised using complementary base pairing with Uracil (U) replacing Thymine (T) 4. The newly formed mRNA moves out of the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| What controls/regulates protein synthesis? | Many complex cellular mechanisms, such as DNA can accelerate the activity of nearby genes |
| What is the process of Translation? | 1. The mRNA attaches to a ribosome (located outside the nucleus) 2. A tRNA brings an amino acid to the Codon on mRNA 3. The anti-Codon on the tRNA (with amino acid attached) binds to the Codon on the mRNA. 4. The ribosome moves along the mRNA as amino acids are added to the growing peptide chain 5. A complete protein is released |
| What are the processes of Protein synthesis and where do they occur? | Transcription ➢ Takes place in the cell nucleus Translation ➢ Takes place in the cell cytoplasm - at the ribosomes |
| What is the Genetic code? | A sequence of bases in an mRNA that determines the amino acid order for the protein |
| What is a mutation? | Mutation is a permanent alteration to the nucleotide sequence in DNA |
| What causes cellular mutation? | ➢ Exposure to radiation and chemicals ➢ An inborn genetic error – genetic diseases e.g. Sickle-Cell Anaemia ➢ Part of evolutionary process |
| What is Sickle cell disease? | A genetic disease caused by a substitution of a single nucleotide of DNA Results in a change in 1 amino acid (e.g. Haemoglobin) |
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