Flashcards
PSYC3207 - Consolidation
Cards in this deck (28)
- 1Consolidation definitionthe process whereby information becomes more strongly represented in memory with the passing of time
- 2Forgetting definitionThe process whereby infromation is lost over time
- 3AmnesiaThe profound loss of memory in the presence of relatively preserved cognitive abilities
- 4Types of amnesia1. Psychogenic - results from psychological factors
2. Organic - results from brain damage
(can be degenerative / non-degenerative) - 5Anterograde amnesiaDifficulty of acquiring new information / inability to from new memories
- 6Retrograde amnesiaDifficulty in retreiving memories / The loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection beyond an ordinary level of forgetfullness
- 7Aetiology of amnesia1. Korsakoff's syndrome
2. Temporal Lobe damage
3. Viral infection
4. Cerebro-vascular accident - 8Ribot's Law (1881)- there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia
- recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories - 9Squire et al (1975)- patients undergoing ECT
- task: recognising titles of TV programmes from different years
- memroies back to 3 years were disrupted - 10Butters & Cermak (1968)- patient PZ: famous scientist developing Korsakoff's syndrome
- test: recalling names of colelagues / research reports / conferences
- result: severe temporally raded RA - 11Rate of forgettingEvidence: amnesics forget information faster than normal people
- 12Muhlert et al (2010)- comparison of people with amnesia and controls
- task: visiting unfamiliar sites while wearing a camera that tooks automatic photos
- test at delays of 3-4h / 1d / 1w / 3w
- asked to recall event, contiguous event and thought based on 5 images
- equivalent recalls in the first test BUT steady diveregence across the 3w - 13Sleep & memory consolidationEvidence supports the notion that sleep can enhance memory -» consolidation.
- 14Gais et al (2006)- particiapnts presented with a list of 24 English-German vocabulary pairs to learn for 10 minutes
- learning either 8am or pm
- immediately after: test recall
- another recall after 24 or 36h
- resul: higher rate of forgetting in morning-learning condition than evening learning - 15Cowan et al (2004)- 6 densely amnesic patients presented with a list of 15 words
- immediate recall and after 10 minutes delay
- delay spent either by doing further cognitive tasks or being left alone
- unfilled delay: boosted retention - 16Theories of consolidation1. Standard consolidation theory (Alvarez & Squire 1994)
2. Episodictosemantic shift (semanticisation) theory (Weiskrantz, 1985)
3. Multiple-trace theory (Nadel & Moscovitch, 1997) - 17Standard Consolidation Theory- prolonged process of physiological consoldiation of memories, during which memories are initially dependent upon the MTL, but gradually become established in other areas of the brain
- 18The Neural evidence of SC- memories are stored in the neocortex
- structures in the MTL are involved in short-term storage and consolidation
- MTL is less active during recollection of remote memories - 19Smith & Squire (2009)- measured brain activity using event-related fMRI as particiapnts recalled answers to 160 questions about news events that had occured during the past 30 years
- earlier findings: amnesics - same material
- regions in MTL: decresase in activity in reltion to the age of the memory
- regions in the frontal lobe: opposite - 20Graham & Hodges (1997)- testing amnesics, semantic dementia patients and controls
- usual pattern of TGRA in Alzheimer's patients - MTL degeneration
- smeantic dementia: opposite pattern - consistent with neocortex - 21Semanticisation theory- proposed by Weiskantz, 1985
- episodic memories are rehearsed through time
- adopting a more semantic form
- protected from brain disorders
- the contextual components are lost: much less vividness - 22Multiple Trace Theory- proposed by Nadel & Moscovitch
- accpets that MTL is involved in short-term consoldiation process
- BUT argue against the notion that long-term consolidation lasts years / decades
- rather: hipocmapus is continuously involved in storage and retrieval in interaction with neocortex
- each remembering: new trace
- older memories - more traces & esaier retrieval -» TGRA - 23Evidence supporting MTT- study by Gilboa (2004)
- retrieval of remote memories activated the hippocampus in an fMRI study showing family photographs
- hippocampal activation was related to the vividness
- support the MTT: detailed memories are always dependent on the hippocampus - 24Other alternatives to the consolidation account1. retrieval failure
2. memory transformation - 25Retrieval failure- RA resulting from ECT typically resolves after time
- proposed by Miller & Springer (1973) that RA is just a retrieval phenomenon
- ECT is simply impariment in retrieving memories - 26Counter-argument to retrieval failure- gradaul resolving of RA is due to that memories can be transmitted back to the hippocampus from the neocortex
- 27Trace transformation theory- a more compelling alternative proposed by Wincour et al (2010)
- an update of the multiple trace theory
-emphasizes abstraction and transformation of hippocampus-neocortical episodic information into neocortical semantic representations
-resulting gist memories are posited to co-exist and interact with those representations in which the context/episodicity is retained and that remain hippocampal-dependent. - 28OutlineI. Definitions
II. TGRA
III. Rates of forgetting
IV. Sleep and consolidation
V. Theories of consolidation
- standard consolidation theory
- semanticization theory
- retrieval failure
- multiple trace theory & trace transformation theory
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- PSYC3207 (Exam) Flashcards on PSYC3207 - Consolidation, created by Zsofi Dombi on 14/04/2018.
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