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Flashcards

Lab Exam

L B English 46 cards

Cards in this deck (46)

  1. 1VariationDifferences that exist between individual organisms in their structures, functions, and behaviors
  2. 2The basis for evolutionVariation
  3. 3How is variation the basis for evolution?Different phenotypes (and genotypes) show variation, and are selected for or against over the course of generations
  4. 4Why are measurements obtained in science?measurements are obtained to describe and give information about a particular trait within a group of subjects
  5. 5Evolutiona change in gene frequency, in a population, over a number of generations
  6. 6Processes evolution can take place through- Natural Selection
    - Genetic Mutations
    - Recombination
    - Genetic Drift
  7. 7The principal mechanism by which evolution occursNatural Selection
  8. 8Natural Selection requires...differential survival and reproduction due to some heritable variation
  9. 9What is Mendel's first law?The Law of Segregation
  10. 10What is Mendel's second law?The Law of Independent Assortment
  11. 11What does the law of segregation state?The Law of Segregation states that in diploid organisms, two alternate alleles segregate from each other in the germplasm and are passed separately without dilution in gametes to the next generation.
  12. 12What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles of one gene are passed to the next generation independently of alleles of another gene, and that the process obeys the rules of random probability
  13. 13Formula for probabilitynumber of desired events
    divided by
    the number of total events
  14. 14Probability can be expressed as:- fraction
    - decimal
    - percent
    - ratio
  15. 15Mutually exclusive eventsevents that cannot happen at the same time.
    For example, an individual cannot get a head and a tail during a single coin flip.
    The joint probability of mutually exclusive events occurring is their individual probabilities added together
  16. 16Independent eventsevents that are not affected by previous events, nor do the events affect each other
    the probability of two independent events
    occurring at the same time is their two independent probabilities multiplied together
  17. 17The first step of any analysisspecify the hypothesis to be tested
  18. 18Null Hypothesis (Ho)statement of "no difference" or "randomness"
  19. 19Alternative Hypothesis (H1)generally the opposite of the null (i.e., there is a difference). Sometimes the alternative hypothesis can be more specific (depending on the test you are performing), but it does not need to be.
  20. 20The Gambler’s Fallacy (the fallacy of the maturity of chances)it is incorrect to believe that, due to some universal equilibrium, if the same event occurs repeatedly, then you should expect that it is less likely to occur in the near future and the opposite event will occur to balance out the series of events.
  21. 21The hybrid crossPure-breeding P1 generation stocks are crossed to produce the F1 generation which is in turn "selfed" (interbred) to
    produce the F2 generation.
  22. 22The test crossTo determine the genotype of parental strains directly, members of a P1 generation may be "test crossed" with a strain comprised of homozygous recessive individuals. Using the P & p alleles above, a pure-breeding stock exhibiting the dominant phenotype may have either genotype PP or Pp.
  23. 23Males in a pedigreerepresented by squares
  24. 24Females in a pedigreerepresented by circles
  25. 25Autosomal dominant traitobserved in every generation and passed directly from parent to offspring
  26. 26Autosomal recessive traitcommon to see recessive autosomal traits skipping a generation
  27. 27Sex Linked traitsifferences in inheritance between males and females in pedigrees are observed and can be used in analysis. In sex-linked dominant traits both males and females may pass the trait to their progeny. Note however, that an affected male inherits the trait from his mother
    In sex-linked recessive traits males are more commonly affected and normal parents may produce an affected male child. In this case, we know that that the father is hemizygous normal and that the mother is heterozygous and a carrier for the recessive trait.
  28. 28Incomplete PenetranceSometimes traits exhibiting one of the inheritance patterns involves alleles that are variable in expression of the phenotype. Sometimes a genetically affected individual appears normal.
  29. 29Hardy-Weinberg principleThe Hardy-Weinberg principle states that, in the absence of evolution, the allele frequencies of a population will stay constant from generation to generation.
  30. 30Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumthe state of unvarying genetic and allele frequencies within a population
  31. 31in order for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium that population may not be affected by:mechanisms of change or any of the population conditions that allow for allele frequency change related to these mechanisms, including:
    - being a relatively small population
    - non-random mating
    - mutation
    - genetic migration.
  32. 32in practical usage, then, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model acts as ...he Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model acts as a null hypothesis, against which we determine population change
  33. 33Allelic Frequency equationp + q = 1
    p = the frequency of an allele in the population.
    q = the frequency of the second allele at the same locus.
  34. 34equation of all of the possible genotypes in a population,p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1.0
  35. 35Chi Square Test equationX2 = ∑ ((observed-expected)^2 / (expected))
  36. 36Scientific Methodmaking observations, developing hypotheses, collecting information, analyzing information, and forming conclusions.
  37. 37Taxisthe act of orienting towards some external stimulus or combination of stimuli.
    If orientation is towards the source, it is called a positive taxis, and away from the source a negative taxis
  38. 38kinesisnon-directional orienting reactions in the presence of a particular sensory stimulus.
  39. 39Sowbugsclass: Crustacea
    order: Isopoda
  40. 40Parts of a scientific paperTitle
    Abstract
    Introduction
    Materials and Methods
    Results
    Discussion
    Literature Cited
  41. 41The field devoted to the classification of organismstaxonomy
  42. 42The modern taxonomic system was devised by....Carolus Linnaeus
  43. 43The modern taxonomic system is a __________ systemhierarchical system
  44. 44taxonomic classifications are actually reflections of....evolutionary history
  45. 45convergent evolutionwhen species resemble each other because they independently evolved similar structures in response to similar environments or ways of life, not because they share a recent common ancestor
  46. 46—

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Flashcards on Lab Exam, created by L B on 01/05/2018.
Created by
L B · May 2018
Updated
May 2, 2018
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