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Untitled

Janel Comeau English 99 cards

Cards in this deck (99)

  1. 1Descriptive ResearchDesigned to describe the characteristics or behaviours of a given population in a systemic and accurate fashion
  2. 2Most common type of descriptive researchSurveys
  3. 3Cross-sectional survey designsample is a "cross section" of
  4. 4Successive independent samples survey designTwo or more samples of respondents answer the same questions at different points in time
  5. 5Longitudinal or Panel survey designa single sample is questioned more than once
  6. 6Internet surveysconvenient and inexpensive but hard to control sample
  7. 7Demographic Researchdescribes patterns of basic life events and experiences like births, marriages, divorces, deaths, etc. Interested in differences between groups.
  8. 8Epidemiological Researchstudies the occurrence of disease in different groups of people
  9. 9Criterion of a good descriptionaccuracy, conciseness and understanding
  10. 10Numerical Methodssummarizing data with numbers (means, percentages)
  11. 11Graphical Methodssummarizing data with graphs and pictures
  12. 12Frequency Distributiona table that summarizes raw data by showing the number of scores that fall within each of several categories
  13. 13Types of Frequency Distributionssimple, grouped, histograms and polygons
  14. 14Simple Frequency Distributionthe number of participants who obtained each score
  15. 15Grouped Frequency Distributionshows the frequency of a subset of scores (class intervals of equal sizes, must be mutually exclusive). Often shows relative frequency.
  16. 16Frequency HistogramsUsed when the variable on the x axis is a ratio or interval scale of measurement
  17. 17Bar graphsused when the variable is on a nominal or ordinal scale of measurement
  18. 18Frequency Polygonaxes are labelled as they are for the histogram, but lines are drawn to connect the frequency of the class intervals
  19. 19Measures of central tendencymean, median and mode
  20. 20Error barsbars above and below the means in a graph indicating the researcher's confidence in the value of the mean
  21. 21Confidence IntervalUsually, 95%, presents a range in which a mean is likely to fall
  22. 22If the variability is small, then...the mean is a good representation of the scores
  23. 23Knowing variability tells us...how typical the mean is of the scores as a set
  24. 24Variancetakes into account all the scores when calculating the variability
  25. 25Standard deviationSquare root of the variance
  26. 26How many scores fall within one SD of the mean68%
  27. 27Z-scoredescribes a particular participant's score relative to the rest of the data
  28. 28Correlational ResearchMeasures the relationship between two naturally occurring variables
  29. 29Correlational coefficientstatistic that indicates the degree to which two variables are related to one another in a linear fashion
  30. 30Most common correlational coefficientPearson correlational coefficient (r)
  31. 31Two variables with r= 0.00 could still have a relationship that isCurvilinear
  32. 32What scale are correlation coefficients on?Ratio, they cannot be added, subtracted, multiplied or divided
  33. 33Coefficient of Determinationsquare of r, indicates the variance in one variable that is accounted for by another variable
  34. 34Statistical Significance of R is affected by these three things1. sample size
    2. magnitude of the correlation
    3. how accurate you want to be to not draw an inaccurate conclusion
  35. 35Directional HypothesisPredicts the direction of the correlation
  36. 36Nondirectional Hypotheispredicts that two variables will be correlated, but not the direction
  37. 37Restricted RangeData in which participants' scores are confined to a narrow range of the possible scores on a measure. Artificially lowers correlations.
  38. 38Factors that Distort Correlations1. Restricted Range
    2. Outliers
    3. reliability of a measure
  39. 39The two types of outlierson-line and off-line
  40. 40Covariationchanges in one variable are associated with changes in the other variable
  41. 41DirectionalityThe presumed causal variable preceded the presumed effect in time
  42. 42Extraneous VariablesAll other variables that may affect the relationship between two target variables are controlled or eliminated. Correlational research never fills this criteria
  43. 43Criteria to establish causality1. covariation
    2. directionality
    3. extraneous variables
  44. 44Spurious correlationa correlation between two variables due to their relationship to other variables
  45. 45Partial correlationthe correlation between two variables with the influence of one or more other variables statistically removed. If the correlation is lower with the third removed, this is a partial correlation
  46. 46Spearman Rank-Order Correlationused when variables are measured on an ordinal scale (numbers reflect rank ordering)
  47. 47Phi coefficientused when both variables are dichotomous
  48. 48point-biserial correlationused when only one variable is dichotomous
  49. 49Three criterion of a good experiment1. manipulate at least one independent variable
    2. assign participants to groups
    3. control extraneous variables
  50. 50Types of independent variable manipulationsenvironmental
    instructional
    invasive - involve drugs or surgery
  51. 51Pilot testa preliminary study that examines the usefulness of manipulations or measures that will be used in an experiment
  52. 52Manipulation checksquestions designed to determine whether the independent variable was manipulated successfully
  53. 53participant or subject variablea personal characteristic of research participants, like age, weight, gender, self-esteem, etc. Not true independent variables.
  54. 54Simple random assignmentevery participant has an equal chance of every condition
  55. 55matched random assignmentparticipants are matched into homogenous blocks and participants within each block are matched to conditions
  56. 56Repeated measures designan experimental design in which each subject does every condition (within-subjects design)
  57. 57the experimental design that does not require random assignment iswithin-subjects
  58. 58Powerthe ability of a research design to detect effects of the independent variable
  59. 59The most powerful research design is...within-subject
  60. 60The design that requires fewer participants is...within-subjects
  61. 61order effectswhen the order activities are done affects the results
  62. 62practice effectresult of practice, get better over time
  63. 63fatigue effectpeople become tired or bored
  64. 64sensitizationparticipants gradually become suspicious of the hypothesis
  65. 65counterbalancingpresenting independent variables to different subjects in different orders
  66. 66carryover effectsoccur in within-subject designs when effects of one treatment are still present during a subsequent condition
  67. 67Systemic Variancebetween-groups variance; portion of the total variance that reflects differences among the experimental groups
  68. 68treatment variancethe portion of the systemic variance that is due to the independent variable
  69. 69confound varianceportion of systemic variance that is due to extraneous variables that differ between the two groups. Must be eliminated.
  70. 70Error VarianceWithin-groups variance; the portion of the total variance that that remains unaccounted for after systemic variance due to the independent variable is removed
  71. 71internal validitythe degree to which a researcher draws accurate conclusions about the effects of the independent variable on a dependent variable
  72. 72Threats to Internal Validity1. biased assignment of participants to conditions
    2. differential attrition
    3. pretest sensitization
    4. history effects
    5. miscellaneous design confounds
  73. 73Pretest SensitizationCompleting a pre-test causes participants to behave differently than they otherwise would have
  74. 74History effectsEvents outside the lab affect participants
  75. 75Experimenter Expectancy Effectswhen a researcher's expectations about the outcome affects participants' reactions
  76. 76Demand Characteristicsoccur when aspects of a study indicate to participants how they should respond
  77. 77Sources of Error Variance1. individual differences
    2. transient states
    3. environmental factors
    4. differential treatment
    5. measurement errors
  78. 78Most common source of error varianceindividual differences
  79. 79External Validitythe degree to which results of one study can be generalized
  80. 80The stronger the internal validity...the weaker the external validity
  81. 81Researchers almost always opt for ______ validity.internal
  82. 82Advantages of Online Researchlarger and more diverse sample, easy and convenient, less social desirability bias
  83. 83Disadvantages of Online Researchcan't verify participant identities
    research setting varies greatly
    limits research designs
    participants often fail to complete the study
  84. 84One Way DesignsOnly one independent variable is manipulated. Simplest is the two-group design
  85. 85Three types of one-way design1. randomized groups design
    2. matched subjects design
    3. repeated measures design
  86. 86Post-test only designdependent variable is measured only after the manipulation
  87. 87pretest-posttest designdependent variable is measured before and after manipulation
  88. 88Are pre-post or posttest designs more powerful?Pretest-posttest
  89. 89Disadvantages of pretest-posttest designspretest sensitization
    normally not necessary
  90. 90Factorial DesignDesign in which two or more independent variables are manipulated
  91. 912 x 2 x 4 factorial designThree independent variables, one with four levels and two with two levels
  92. 92Randomized groups factorial designparticipants are assigned randomly to one of the possible combinations of the independent variables
  93. 93matched groups factorial designparticipants are first matched into blocks on the basis of some variable that correlates with the dependent variable. Participants in each block are then randomly assigned to one of the experimental conditions
  94. 94repeated measures factorial designeach participant participates in every experimental condition
  95. 95mixed factorial designparticipants are randomly assigned to only one level of some independent variables but receive every level of other independent variables; called between-within designs
  96. 96main effectthe effect of an independent variable while ignoring the effects of all other independent variables in the design
  97. 97How many main effects will a factorial design have?As many as there are independent variables
  98. 98Interactionwhen the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent variable
  99. 99three-way designexamines the main effects of three independent variables
    examines three two-way interactions
    examines three-way interaction of A x B x C

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Flashcards on Untitled, created by Janel Comeau on 03/05/2018.
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Janel Comeau
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