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Flashcards

Development

Jan Kowalski Geography IGCSE English 31 cards

Cards in this deck (31)

  1. 1DevelopmentA measure of how economically, socially, culturally or technologically advanced a country is
  2. 2Social indicators- life expectancy (average age)
    - infant mortality rate (babies/1000 that die under the age of 1)
    - % of people living under $1 per day
    - % of population with access to clean water and sanitation
  3. 3Economic indicators- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
    - Gross National Income (GNI)
    - GNI per capita
  4. 4Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
  5. 5Gross National Income (GNI)Total income of a country, including earnings from abroad. Also known as Gross National Product (GNP)
  6. 6Political indicators- corruption (how corrupt government)
    - war - uses up resources, destroys buildings/infrastructure
  7. 7Human Development IndexHDI combines data from GDP per capita, life expectancy, adult literacy and enrolment in education (higher better) to give each country in the world a score on an index 0-1
  8. 8Social factors holding back development- Discrimination: some groups have less opportunities
    - Overpopulation: population growth outstrips resources
  9. 9Economic factors holding back development- No minimum wage: people paid really low
    - GDP: less money available
  10. 10Political factors holding back development- Trade - easier or harder for some countries to gain trade licences
    - Corruption: country needs strong, stable and honest government
    - Wars: use up resources, ruin countries
  11. 11Environmental factors holding back development- Climate (e.g. cold weather for crops)
    - Natural resources (trade/domestic use)
    - Location (e.g. landlocked, communication)
  12. 12Core areaHighly developed urban region to which people are attracted and which receives the most investment
  13. 13Periphery areaUsually rural areas which people may wish to migrate from towards the core region because of low investment and low prospect, less opportunities, worse services
  14. 14Inequalities within countriesCore areas are more developed than periphery areas. Cores are likely to experience greater growth, investment, inward migration, while periphery may well be exploited and suffer from lack of investment. This is due to the core having e.g. better land (flat, fertile), transport links, better education and healthcare
  15. 15Primary sector of productionEmployment involving extracting natural resources from the land or sea, e.g. fishermen, farmers, miners
  16. 16Secondary sector of productionEmployment that involves manufacturing raw materials into something else, e.g. factory workers, carpenters, builders
  17. 17Tertiary sector of productionEmployment that involves the worker providing a service, e.g. hotel chamber maid, train drivers, doctors
  18. 18Quaternary sector of productionEmployment that involves using high technology and innovation, e.g. software designer, graphic design, geneticist
  19. 19Clarke-Fisher ModelModel that shows the employment structure in different periods of time in a country
  20. 20Pre-industrial employment structurePrimary sector is dominant - lots of farming. Lack of funding for other sector - secondary and tertiary almost non-existent. Applies to LEDCs and ancient times
  21. 21Industrial employment structureManufacturing and new factories spring up in many location. Tertiary grows slightly. Primary continues to decline
  22. 22Post-industrial employment structureTertiary becomes the most important as people require more services and have more money for them. Secondary tends to die away. Quaternary jobs begin to form as the country becomes wealthier
  23. 23GlobalisationIt refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services and capital across borders
  24. 24Factors making globalisation faster- Increased trade (larger profits available)
    - Labour availability and skills (LEDCs have cheaper skilled labour, land and fewer government restrictions)
    - Improvement in transport (cheaper, money can be moved electronically)
    - Quick communication (things done faster)
  25. 25TNCTransnational Corporation is a company with branches in many countries
  26. 26Benefits of globalisation- Money invested in LEDCs (improved standard of living, new jobs)
    - TNCs bring money to LEDCs (better services: healthcare, education)
    - Global competition - keeps prices low
    - Global issues force countries to cooperate, aid agencies can respond
  27. 27Problems due to globalisation- Richest countries dominate trade (LEDCs exploited due to cheap labour)
    - No guarantee that investment helps local people (TNCs may force local businesses to close du to competition)
  28. 28Problems due to globalisation 2- Outsourcing decreases jobs in MEDCs
    - Country develops, labour more expensive, TNCs move out to other LEDCs
    - Loss of individuality of culture (cultures interact)
  29. 29OutsourcingObtaining goods or services from an outside supplier
  30. 30Why outsourceSome LEDCs: - no minimum wage (low)
    - no environmental protection
    - cheaper raw materials
    - longer working hours
    - no/bad H&S laws
  31. 31Why TNCs outsourceTo reduce production costs, to maximise profits

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Flash cards for development revision
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Jan Kowalski
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