Flashcards
attachment2
Cards in this deck (12)
- 1bowlby's theorymonotrophy - one particular attachment is different in quality and importance than others
social releasers and the critical period - innate cute behaviours in the first two years
internal working model - mental representations of the primary attachment relationship are templates for future relationships - 2evaluationmixed evidence for monotrophy - some babies form multiple attachments without a primary attachment ; suess et al : other attachments may contribute as much as primary one
support for social releasers - brazleton et al : when social releasers ignored babies were upset
support for internal working model - bailey et al : quality of attachment is passed on through generations in families
monotrophy is a socially sensitive idea ; temperament may be as important as attachment - 3the strange situationprocedure - 7-stage controlled observation ; assessed proximity seeking : exploration and secure base : stranger and separation anxiety : response to reunion
findings - infants showed consistent patterns of attachment behaviour
types of attachment - secure : enthusiastic greeting : generally content ; avoidant : avoids reunion : generally reduced responses ; resistant : resists reunion : generally more distressed - 4evaluationsupport for validity - attachment type predicts later social and personal behaviour : bullying
good reliability - different observers agree 90%+ of the time on children's attachment types
culture-bound - attachment behaviour may have different meanings in different cultures so the strange situation may be measuring different things
what does the strange situation measure ; there is at least one more attachment type - 5studies of cultural variationsvan ijzendoorn - compared rates of attachment type in 8 countries ; found more variation within than between countries
other studies - simonella et al : Italian attachment rates have been changed : may be due to changing practices ; jin et al Korean attachment rates similar to japan : could be due to similar child-rearing styles
conclusions - appears attachment in innate and universal and secure attachment is normal ; however cultural practices affect rates of attachment types - 6evaluationlarge samples - reduce the impact of anomalous results so improve internal validity
samples unrepresentative of culture - countries do not equate to cultures nor to culturally specific methods of child rearing so cannot make generalisations
method of assessment is biased - research using the strange situation imposes a usa test on other cultures (imposed etic)
alternative explanation for similarity ; the strange situation lacks validity - 7theory of maternal deprivationseparation versus deprivation - physical separation only leads to deprivation when the child loses emotional care
critical period - the first 30 moths are critical and deprivation in that time causes damage
effects on development - Goldfarb : deprivation causes low iq ; Bowlby : emotional development (affectionless psychopathy)
44 thieves study (bowlby) - many more affectionless psychopaths than controls had a prolonged seperation - 8evaluationevidence may be poor - orphans have experienced other traumas ; Bowlby may have been a biased observer
counter-evidence - lewis : sample of 500 : no link between early separation and later criminality
a sensitive period - Bowlby exaggerated the importance of the critical period
animal studies show effects of maternal deprivation on social development ; failure to distinguish deprivation from privation - 9romanian orphan studiesrutter's era study - 165 orphans adopted in Britain ; some adopted later show low iq and disinhibited attachment
bucharest early intervention project - random allocation to institutional care or fostering ; secure attachment in 19% of institutional group versus 74% of controls
effects of institutionalisation - disinhibited attachment and delay in intellectual development if institutionalisation prolonged - 10evaluationreal-life application - both institutional care and adoption practice have been improved using lessons from Romanian orphans
fewer extraneous variables - Romanian orphans had fewer negative influences before institutionalisation than : for example : war orphans
romanian orphanages not typical - conditions were so bad that results may not generalise to better institutions
ethical issues : especially bucharest early intervention project ; practical applications to adoption and institutional care practice - 11attachment and later rlationshipsinternal working model - Bowlby's idea that the primary attachment relationship provides a template for later relationships
relationships in later childhood - kerns : securely attached children have better friendships ; Myron-Wilson and smith : securely attached children less likely to be involved in bullying
relationships with romantic partners - McCarthy : securely attached adults have better relationships with friends and partners ; hazan and shaver : secure responders had better and longer-lasting relationships : avoidant responders had fear of intimacy
parental relationships - bailey et al : mother's attachment type matched that of their mothers and their babies - 12evaluationevidence is mixed - zimmerman et al : found little relationship between quality of attachment and later attachment
low validity - most studies assess infant attachment by retrospective self report which lack validity
association does not mean causality - a third factor like temperament might affect both infant attachment and later relationships
the influence of attachment is probabilistic ; self-report is conscious by working models are not
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- Flashcards on attachment2, created by m b on 23/06/2018.
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