Flashcards
energy systems
Cards in this deck (75)
- 1what is adenosine triphosphate?- this is more commonly called ATP
- this is the only useable form of chemical energy in the body - 2describe the way in which ATP provides energy- one of the phosphate molecules is broken from the ATP molecule to form ADP
this process releases energy - 3PC system (phosphocreatine) system- is an anaerobic system
- used when very high intensity exercise performed for a short duration e.g. 100 metres
- ADP + phosphocreatine (PC) --> ATP + creatine - 4what enzyme increases the rate of PC breakdown?- creatine kinase (CK)
- 5where does PC breakdown occur?- in the muscles
- 6what is the purpose of the anaerobic glycolytic system?- PC breakdown system can only work for a very period of time (5-8 seconds)
- therefore the anaerobic glycolytic system is needed to provide energy for around 2-3 minutes (during intense exercise) - 7what does the anaerobic glycolytic system efficiency depend on?- intensity of exercise
- fitness of the athlete - 8describe a simple reaction for the anaerobic glycolytic systemsubstrate = glycogen found in muscle
- produces 2 ATPs and pyruvate - 9what is the problem for the athlete in having pyruvate build up ?- a build up of pyruvate leads to lactic acid production
- this fatigues the muscle - 10where does the glycolysis occur?in the sarcoplasm (this is the muscles cytoplasm)
- 11when is the aerobic system used?- in the presence of enough oxygen (Low intensity/high duration exercise such as a half marathon)
- 12name the three processes that occur in the aerobic systemaerobic glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain - 13describe the process of aerobic glycolysis- breakdown of glycogen in muscle to form glucose (oxygen is present)
- occurs in the sarcoplasm
-produces 2ATP molecules and pyruvate - 14describe the Krebs cycle- the product of glycolysis (pyruvate) is converted to acetyl-CoA when it reacts with oxygen
- Acetyl-CoA is the substrate of the Krebs cycle
- the product is 2 ATP molecules and H2O
- this occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA - 15describe the electron transport systemH+ from the H20 produced in the Krebs cycle is the substrate of the process
- the products are 34 ATPs and water (H2O)
- this happens in the MITOCHONDRIA - 16where in the mitochondria does the electron transport chain occur?- CRISTAE
- 17note to self, ask about beta oxidation and deamination ketosisremember!
- 18go through table in folder of energy systemsdo this and come back
- 19diagram of the timings/usage of certain energy systems
- 20type 1 slow fibres use what type of respiration?- aerobic respiration mainly
- 21fast twitch fibres tend to use what type of respiration- anaerobic respiration at high intensity.
- 22at higher intensities of exercise, why do we use less fat for energy?- because the process of fat breakdown requires oxygen
- 23define the VO2the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP
- 24define, then, what VO2 max is- maximal amount of oxygen which can be consumed that can be taken up and used per minute
- this is normally achieved during intense exercise
- this is around 3-6 litres - 25define and describe sub-maximal oxygen deficit- when we begin exercise, insufficient oxygen is available for the muscles
- this is because it takes time for the circulatory system to begin to increase oxygen to meet the demands of the aerobic system
- thus, we use anaerobic respiration until the circulation catches up - 26define excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)- when you finish exercise, it is the amount of oxygen required by the body to recover to the pre-exercise state
- 27name the two components of EPOC- fast component
-slow component - 28describe the fast component of EPOC- fast replenishment stage uses the extra oxygen to restore ATP and PC
- complete PC restoration takes up to 3 minutes (50% can be replenished in 30 seconds) - 29during the 3 minutes in which it takes to restore PC levels, how much oxygen is consumed?- 3 litres
- 30during the fast component of EPOC, describe the role of myoglobin- stores oxygen in the sarcoplasm
- this oxygen has diffused from haemoglobin in the blood
- after exercise, the stores of oxygen in myoglobin are depleted
- the oxygen supply from EPOC restores myoglobins O2 in 2 minutes - 31name the ways in which lactic acid can be removed- when O2 is present, it can be re-converted back into pyruvate (can be put in to Krebs cycle)
- Cori cycle- the liver metabolises it in to glucose and glycogen
- lactic acid can be converted in to protein
- it can be removed in sweat and urine - 32summarise the importance of a cool-down for athletes- accelerates the removal of lactic acid
- keeps the metabolic rate in muscles high and the capillaries remain dilated
- this allows oxygen to 'flush' through which helps in the removal of lactic acid - 33how do athletes restore their glycogen storages post exercise- by having a high carbohydrate meal
- your body recycles the lactic acid that you have produced and forms glycogen (CORI CYCLE) - 34how does an increase in body temperature help in recovery after exercise- due to the heat you will breathe faster
- therefore quicker recovery - 35explain how lactate accumulation cause muscle fatigue- anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid
- lactic acid breaks down, releases hydrogen atoms
- this combines with sodium and potassium ions to form lactate
- the presence of these hydrogen ions causes increased acidity
- this reduces the efficiency of enzyme activity which affects the production of glycogen - 36define the lactate threshold- this is the point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood
- this is the point of switching from aerobic to anaerobic exercise - 37define onset blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)- the point at which there is insufficient amount of oxygen which leads to a build up of lactate
- 38at what concentration will OBLA usually occur?- 4mmol/L
(millimoles per litre) - 39measuring OBLA gives a measure of ?- endurance capacity
- 40how is lactate threshold usually expressed?- percentage of VO2 max (see above cards)
- 41compare the lactate threshold between elite athletes and amateurs- amateurs have a lactate threshold of around 50-60%
-elite athletes have a lactate threshold of around 80-90% - 42to what extent can training increase your max VO2/lactate threshold?-however, genetics limit your max VO2.
Therefore can be trained up to a point, but if you don't have favourable genetics, there is a limit - 43list factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation- exercise intensity
- muscle fibre types
- rate of blood lactate removal
- respiratory exchange ratio
- fitness of the performer - 44describe how the fitness of performer can decrease lactate accumulation- regular training can delay OBLA
- due to having more mitochondria and myoglobin
this means they can store more O2 and produce more ATP (less need for lactate) - 45define buffering as applied to lactate clearance- a process which aids removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood and muscle
- 46here is a picture of Kelly Clarkson to stop you from being so bored
- 47name factors that influence VO2- physiological reasons such as cardiac output and ejection fraction
- training -
- lifestyle (smoking decreases it, as does poor diet)
-age- VO2 declines as we are less efficient
-gender- men have approximately 20% higher VO2 max
- genetics - inherited factors of physiology limits possible VO2 - 48why must athletes measure their energy expenditure- to provide feedback on the effectiveness of their training programme
-identifying levels of fitness - 49describe indirect calorimetry- a technique for measuring energy expenditure
- through gas exchange (measures how much O2 is consumed and CO2 produced at both rest and in exercise)
-very reliable
-gives a precise measure of VO2 and VO2 max - 50describe lactate sampling- taking a small sample of blood to measure lactate concentration
- can indicate level of fitness to inform training programmes for athletes
- the higher the intensity at which the lactate threshold occurs, the fitter the athlete is - 51name three tests used to estimate VO2 max- bleed test
- Harvard step test
-12 minute Cooper's run test - 52direct gas analysis is?- measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the amount of CO2 that is expired
- 53describe the process of direct gas analysis- athlete/subject put on to a treadmill or rowing machine
- mask put on subjects, linked to computer software
- under laboratory conditions
- measures O2/CO2 compared to atmospheric O2 to see how much is consumed - 54what is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)- the ratio of CO2 produced vs amount of O2 brought in
- calculates the intensity of exercise and can help you see which energy source is being used (carbs, fats, proteins)
-allows you to see if the exercise is being performed aerobically or anaerobically - 55what is the equation for RER?carbon dioxide expired in one minute/ O2 consumed in one minute (VO2)
- 56how would you interpret a RER of 1?- the person is using carbohydrates
- 57how would you interpret a RER of 0.7?- the person is using fats
- 58how would you interpret a RER of > 1?anaerobic respiration
- 59explain how altitude training improve fitness levels?-- EPO increases= increased Red blood cells= more oxygen
- increased capillarisation - 60name disadvantages of altitude training- when you return to normal altitude, your body quickly adapts back to normal (short term)
-altitude sickness- has an effect on training programme
- difficult to train at the same intensity as at lower altitudes, so may reduce fitness - 61High intensity interval training (HIIT) is?- interval training useful for both aerobic and anaerobic training
- involves short intervals at maximum intensity exercise
-followed by recovery intervals of low-moderate intensity exercise - 62how is HIIT made specific?- 1) duration of the work interval
2) intensity or speed of the work interval
3) duration of the recovery interval
4) number of work intervals and recovery intervals - 63what are the advantages of HIIT?- improves fat burning potential
-glucose metabolism
- improves aerobic and anaerobic endurance - 64describe pylometrics- training of explosive and high intensity movements
-such as hopping, bouncing, depth jumping (sports like high-jump and basketball) - 65what type of fibres are used in pylometrics?- type ii
- 66name the three phases of plyometrics-eccentric phase
- amortisation phase
- concentric phase - 67describe the eccentric phase of plyometric training-pre-loading or pre-stretching phase
- on landing, the muscle contract eccentrically (lengthens when it contracts) - 68describe the amortisation phase of plyometric training-this occurs in between the eccentric and concentric phases
- this time should be as small as possible, so that most of the energy from landing can be used for the next jump - 69concentric or muscle contraction phase in pylometric phase is?- uses the stored energy to increase the force of contraction
- 70interpret this pylometric training example
- 71define speed as applied to training- how fast a person can move over a certain distance
- or how quickly a body part can be put in to motion - 72define agility as applied to training- the ability to move the body quickly and efficiently while maintaining control
- 73why then, do athletes use SAQ (speed, agility, and quickness training)?- to improve multi-directional movement
- improve SAQ - 74what energy supply is used in SAQ training- anaerobic respiration
- activities are performed at maximal force and at high speed - 75—
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- A level Physical Education (PE) Flashcards on energy systems , created by William Holcroft on 26/07/2018.
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- William Holcroft
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