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Flashcards

Cranial Anatomy

Taylor Kilpatrick English 111 cards

Cards in this deck (111)

  1. 1What are the 5 layers of the skullPericranium
    Outer table: compact bone
    Diploe
    Inner table: compact bone
    Endocranium
  2. 2Name the 4 types of intracranial haemorrhage and associated featuresEpidural: rupture / injury to middle meningeal vessels
    Subdural: venous bleeding --> severe headache + meningeal irritation
    Subarachnoid: 'thunderclap headache', severe
    Intraparenchymal: stroke
  3. 3Name the two types of extracranial haemorrhage and their respective locationsSubgaleal haematoma: under galea aponeurotica (layer 3 of skull thus occurs in layer 4)
    Cephalohaematoma: subperiosteal, confined by sutures
  4. 4What pharyngeal arch are the muscles supplied by the trigeminal nerve derived from?1st pharyngeal arch
  5. 5Name the 5 branches of the trigeminal nerve that supply the ophthalmic divisionSupratrochlear, supraorbital, lacrimal, infratrochlear, external nasal
  6. 6Name the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve that supply the maxillary divisionZygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial, infraorbital
  7. 7Name the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve that supply the mandibular divisionAuriculotemporal nerve (sensation to the parotid gland and PNS, sensation to the temporomandibular joint), buccal nerve (sensation to skin of cheek and mucous membrane, proprioception to buccal muscle, lingual nerve
  8. 8Name the 4 divisions of the anterior rami of the cervical nerves that supply the neck and posterior headLesser occipital nerve, great auricular nerve, anterior cutaneous nerve of the neck, supraclavicular nerve
  9. 9What nerves supply the most posterior aspect of the head and neck?Posterior primary rami of cervical nerves - greater occipital nerve (C2), - C6
  10. 10What are the superior, anterior, posterior boundaries and floor of the temporal fossa?Superior and posterior: temporal lines
    Anterior: zygomatic process of frontal bone and frontal process of zygomatic bone
    Floor: frontal bone, parietal bone, squamous temporal bone and GWS
  11. 11What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?Temporal fossa and fascia
  12. 12Where does the temporalis muscle insert?Coronoid process of the mandible and anterior border of the ramus of the mandible
  13. 13What is the nerve supply of the temporalis muscle?Anterior and posterior temporal nerves from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve
  14. 14What is the action of the temporalis?Closure of the mandible, retraction after mandible is pulled forward
  15. 15What is the origin of the masseter muscle?Zygomatic arch (lower border and deep surface - more vertical) *There are two parts of the masseter muscle - superficial which is oblique and posterior, deep which is more vertical
  16. 16Where does the masseter muscle insert?Coronoid process of ramus of lateral aspect
  17. 17What is the nerve supply of the masseter muscle?Anterior division of the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve
  18. 18What is the action of the masseter?Closure, protraction, ipsilateral side movement of the mandible
  19. 19How many heads does the medial pterygoid muscle have and where does it insert?Superficial and deep head, inserts into the medial aspect of the angle of the mandible as far as the mylohyoid groove, originates at maxillary tuberosity
  20. 20What are the actions of the medial pterygoid?Closure, protrusion / protraction, contralateral side movement of mandible
  21. 21What is the nerve supply to the medial pterygoid?Nerve to medial pterygoid from main trunk of CNV3
  22. 22What are the origins of the 2 heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle?Superior head: infratemporal surface and crest of GWS
    Inferior: pterygoid fovea, capsule of TM joint, articular disc
  23. 23What are the actions of the lateral pterygoid muscle?Protract mandible, contralateral side movement, open mouth against resistance
  24. 24What is the nerve supply of the lateral pterygoid?Anterior division of mandibular nerve
  25. 25Name the 8 motor branches of the mandibular nerveNerve to medial pterygoid
    Posterior deep temporal nerve
    Anterior deep temporal nerve
    Nerve to masseter
    Nerve to lateral pterygoid
    Tensor tympani
    Tensor palati (tensors are branches of nerve to medial pterygoid)
    Mylohyoid nerve
    Nerve to anterior belly of digastric (branches off of mylohyoid)
  26. 26Name the 3 sensory nerves in the anterior aspect of the mandibular nerveLong buccal nerve (deep to masseter and ramus of mandible)
    Lingual nerve (supplies taste to ant 2/3 of tongue and general sensation - taste via the chorda tympani nerve)
    Inferior alveolar nerve (supplies parotid gland + PNS) --> branches to mental nerve
  27. 27Name the sensory nerves of the posterior aspect of the mandibular nerveNervus spinosum --> branches to meningeal branch and auriculotemporal nerve
  28. 28What nerve joins the lingual nerve to give taste sensation to the ant 2/3 of tongue and where do these meet?Foramen spinosum --> chorda tympani from facial nerve joins with the lingual nerve, also supplies PNS to sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
  29. 29What artery goes through the foramen spinosum?Middle meningeal artery
  30. 30What is the name of the ganglion at which the nerve to medial pterygoid splits and what are the resulting branches?Otic ganglion --> tensor palati and tympani
  31. 31What are the borders of the parotid gland?Upper border: concave TM joints, zygomatic arch, EAM
    Posterior border: middle of anterior border of mastoid process
    Lower border: 2cm posteroinferior to angle of mandible
  32. 32Where does the parotid duct open into?Vestibule opposite to upper 2nd molar tooth
  33. 33What glands make up the parotid duct?Serous glands predominantly, may have some mucous glands
  34. 34What are the layers deep to the parotid gland, from superficial to deepMasseter muscle, buccal fat pad, buccopharyngeal fascia, buccinator, submucosa, mucosa
  35. 35Name the 3 things on that are anteromedially related to the parotid glandRamus of mandible, masseter muscle, medial pterygoid
  36. 36Name 3 things that are posteromedially related to parotid glandMastoid process w. SCM and post belly of digastric
    Styloid process w styloglossus, stylopharyngeus, stylohyoid
    Carotid sheath (IJV, vagus nerve, ICA)
  37. 37Name the structures embedded in the parotid gland from superficial to deepParotid lymph nodes, facial nerve, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery that braches to the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries
  38. 38What is the nerve supply of the parotid fascia?Great auricular nerve (ant primary rami of C2/3)
  39. 39What is the sensory, PNS and SNS nerve supply of the parotid gland?Sensory: auriculotemporal nerve
    PNS: glossopharyngeal nerve
    SNS: superior cervical sympathetic ganglion via plexus around ext carotid artery
  40. 40Name the branches of the facial nerve within the parotid glandPosterior auricular
    Cervicofacial division: nerve to post. belly of digastric, mandibular, cervical
    Temporofacial division: temporal, upper zygomatic, lower zygomatic, buccal
  41. 41What pharyngeal arch did the muscles supplied by the facial nerve develop from?2nd pharyngeal arch
  42. 42Name the 7 muscles supplied by the facial nerveOccipitalis and auricularis
    Posterior belly of digastric
    Frontalis
    Buccinator
    Stylohyoid
    Stapedius
    Platysma
  43. 43Name the 7 branches of the facial nervePosterior auricular --> occipitalis and auricularis
    Nerve to posterior belly of digastric + stylohyoid
    Temporal --> frontalis
    Upper and lower zygomatic branches
    Buccal nerve --> buccinator and orbicularis oris
    Marginal / mandibular --> lower lip muscles
    Cervical nerve --> platysma
  44. 44Name the 5 layers of the scalpSkin
    Connective tissue - blood vessels and nerves mainly in this layer
    Aponeurosis - and occipitofrontalis muscle
    Loose areolar tissue - danger layer of the scalp as oedema/bleeding in this layer can easily spread as there is little resistance
    Pericranium
  45. 45What is the origin of the occipitalis muscleLateral 1/2 of the highest nuchal line
  46. 46Where does the occipitalis muscle insert?Posterior bands of the epicranial aponeurosis
  47. 47What is the nerve supply of the occipitalisPosterior auricular branch of the facial nerve
  48. 48What is the origin of the frontalis muscleAnterior border of the epicranial aponeurosis
  49. 49Where does the frontalis muscle insertSkin and orbicularis oris
  50. 50What is the nerve supply of the frontalisTemporal branch of the facial nerve
  51. 51Where does the buccinator muscle originate?Alveolar process of maxilla, maxillary tuberosity, pterygomaxillary ligament, pterygomandibublar Raphe, retromandibular fossa (behind last molar tooth), oblique line of mandible
  52. 52Where does the buccinator muscle insertUpper fibres - upper lip
    Lower fibres - lower lip
    Middle of deccusation - modiolus
  53. 53What is the nerve supply of the buccinator?Motor: buccal branch of CNVII
    Sensory: buccal branch of CNV
  54. 54What is the action of the buccinator muscle?Prevents food from falling into the vestibule of the mouth
  55. 55Name the three parts of the orbicularis oculiOrbital, palpebral, lacrimal
  56. 56What is the origin of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi?Frontal bone, anterior lacrimal crests, frontal process of maxilla
  57. 57Where does the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi insert?Skin w. loose connective tissue
  58. 58What is the action of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi?Pull skin of eyebrow and eyelids forward for protection
  59. 59What is the origin of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?Medial palpebral ligament
  60. 60Where does the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi insert?Lateral palpebral ligament
  61. 61What is the action of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculiCloses eyelids
  62. 62What is the origin of the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculiPosterior lacrimal crests, wall of lacrimal sac
  63. 63Where does the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi insert?With palpebral part in lateral palpebral ligament
  64. 64What is the action of the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculiWidens lacrimal sac to allow tears to be sucked into it
  65. 65What is the nervous supply of the orbicularis oculi?Upper and lower zygomatic branches, temporal branches of the facial nerve
  66. 66What are the anterior attachments of the falx cerebri?Crista galli and foramen caecum
  67. 67What are the posterior attachments of the falx cerebri?Tentorium cerebelli upper surface
  68. 68Describe the two margins of the falx cerebriUpper margin is attached to the inside of the calvaria, lower margin is the free margin
  69. 69What are the contents of teh falx cerebri?Upper margin contains superior sagittal sinus, lower marginis contains the inferior sagittal sinus
    Occupies the longitudinal fissure of the brain
  70. 70Where do the attached and free margins of the tentorium cerebelli cross each other?At the apex of the petrous temporal bone
  71. 71Name 3 things that the tentorial incisure surroundsMidbrain
    Posterior cerebral artery
    Oculomotor nerve
  72. 72Where does the trochlear nerve pierce the dura?Where the free and attached margins of the tentorium cerebelli cross over
  73. 73Where does the abducens nerve pierce the dura?At the clivus of the skull (comes through superior orbital fissure)
  74. 74What passes through or attaches to the foramen caecum?anterior end of the falx cerebri, sometimes the emissary vein (--> nose veins --> superior sagittal sinus)
  75. 75What passes through the cribriform plateOlfactory nerve bundles - about 20 each side
    Anterior ethmoidal nerve - crosses from lateral to medial and enters nose
  76. 76What type of neurons make up the olfactory nerves?Unmyelinated unipolar neurons
  77. 77What passes through the optic canal?Optic nerve
    Ophthalmic artery
    Pia mater
    Dural sleeve of optic nerve
    Sleeve of arachnoid
    Central retinal artery and vein
    CSF
  78. 78What passes through the superior orbital fissure?Upper division of CN III
    Lower division of CN III
    Nasociliary nerve
    Abducens nerve
    Trochlear nerve
    Frontal nerve
    Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
  79. 79What structures are inside the tendinous ring?Upper and lower divisions of CN III
    Abducens nerve
    Nasociliary nerve
  80. 80What structures are in the superior orbital fissure outside of the tendinous ringTrochlear nerve
    Lacrimal nerve
    Frontal nerve
    Superior and inferior ophthalmic vein
  81. 81What structures pass through the foramen rotundum?Maxillary division of trigeminal
    Recurrent meningeal branch
  82. 82What structures pass through the foramen ovale?Mandibular division of trigeminal
    Lesser petrosal nerve
    Motor root of CNV
    Accessory meningeal artery
  83. 83What structures pass through the foramen spinosumNervus spinosus
    Middle meningeal artery
  84. 84What structures pass through the internal auditory meatusFacial nerve
    Nervus intermedius
    Vestibulocochlear nerve
    Labyrinthine artery (branch of anterior inferior cerebellar artery from basilar artery)
  85. 85What structures pass through the jugular foramenVagus nerve
    Glossopharyngeal nerve
    Spinal accessory nerve
    Internal jugular vein
    Inferior petrosal sinus
  86. 86What passes through the hypoglossal canal?Hypoglossal nerve --> supplies all intrinsic muscles and all extrinsic muscles except for the palatoglossus (supplied by the accessory nerve): genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus
  87. 87Where is the trigeminal ganglion located?MCF on the upper surface of the petrous temporal bone, contained in dural sheath known as trigeminal cave
  88. 88What is the blood supply of the trigeminal ganglion?Mainly from accessory meningeal artery which is a branch from the maxillary artery
  89. 89What type of neurons do the trigeminal ganglion contain?Unipolar sensory neurons - 1st order neurons in somatic sensory pathway from head
  90. 90What nerve is the greater petrosal nerve a branch of? Where does it embed in the dural floor?Facial nerve - embedded within the dural floor of the MCF towards the foramen lacerum
  91. 91What nerve is the lesser petrosal nerve a branch of and where does it embed within the dural floor?Glossopharyngeal nerve - run in groove on bone embedded within dural floor of MCF towards foramen ovale
  92. 92What forms the roof of the orbit? (Separates from ACF)Orbital plate of the frontal bone
    Lesser wing of sphenoid
  93. 93What forms the lateral wall of the orbit? (Separates from MCF and temporal fossa)Frontal process of zygomatic bone
    Greater wing of sphenoid
    Frontal bone
  94. 94What forms the floor of the orbit (Separates from maxillary sinus)Maxilla
    Zygomatic bone
    Orbital process of palatine bone
  95. 95What forms the medial wall of the orbit? (Separates from nasal cavity and ethmoidal cells)Frontal process of maxilla
    Lacrimal bone
    Ethmoid bone
    Body of sphenoid bone
  96. 96Where does the ciliary ganglion receive its PNS innervation?CNIII
  97. 97What is the clinical significance of short ciliary nerves?Involved in corneal reflex via nasociliary nerve
    Cause meiosis - constricts pupil via constrictor pupillae
  98. 98Where do the sensory and motor root of the trigeminal nerve originate?Anterolateral surface of the Pons between the Pons and the middle cerebellar peduncle
  99. 99What are the three types of neurons within the trigeminal ganglion and what type of sensation do they conveySmall sized: pain and thermal sensation
    Medium sized: crude / light touch
    Large sized: Discriminative touch / pressure: accurate localisation, 2 point discrimination, stereongnosis
  100. 100How many nuclei do the trigeminal nerve fibres originate from?Motor nucleus - located in the Pons
    Sensory nuclei: main sensory nuceus, mesencephalic nucleus, spinal nucleus
  101. 101Where do the fibres for proprioception to the face originate?Mesencephalic nucleus of the brainstem
  102. 102Where are the primary sensory neurons to the face located?trigeminal ganglion
  103. 103Where are the secondary sensory neurons to the face located?trigeminal sensory nuclei in the brainstem
  104. 104Where are the tertiary sensory neurons to the face located?Ventral posterior nucleus of the the thalamus
  105. 105What are the three divisions of the spinal nucleus?Pars oralis - lower end Pons --> lower end of upper 1/3 olive
    Pars interpolaris - lower end of upper 1/3 olive --> pyramidal decussation
    Pars caudalis - pyramidal decussation --> C3
  106. 106What are the sensory neurons that pass through the pars oralis responsible for?Trigeminal reflexes related to lacrimation, blinking, salivation
    Crude touch
    Discriminative touch
    Oral cavity
    Oral reflexes: mastication, tongue movement
  107. 107What are the sensory neurons that pass through the pars interpolaris responsible for?Crude touch
    Trigeminal reflexes as pars oralis
    Pain from teeth
    Oral reflexes, mastication etc
  108. 108What are the sensory neurons that pass through the pars caudalis responsible for?Pain and temperature from head
  109. 109Name the 8 muscles supplied by the trigeminal nerveMylohyoid
    Lateral pterygoid
    Medial pterygoid
    Temporalis
    Masseter
    Tensor tympani
    Tensor palati
    Anterior belly of digastric
  110. 110What is the name of the tract that the sensory neurons of the trigeminal nerve traverse throughVentral trigeminal / thalamic tract
  111. 111—

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Flashcards on Cranial Anatomy, created by Taylor Kilpatrick on 25/09/2018.
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