1530664
Description
Flashcards by Flossy Lyford, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Flossy Lyford
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Social Darwinism | The miss-interpretation of Darwins theory of Natural Selection in that it related to human society. Justifies discrimination and explains how 'those at the top' are there due to superiority. |
| Getting on the bus | Social change and help for minority groups |
| Social Psychology involves | Working with disadvantaged/marginalized groups. Working for aspirations, Responds to changing society. |
| Wendy Stainton's Ocean Metaphor | Society is the ocean and the creatures in it are the citizens. The ocean and the creatures are inseparable parts of a system. Can't study outside the ocean to understand their lives. |
| Advocacy (Equitable society) | Giving a voice to those who don't have one. Using our voice to speak the opinion of minority groups. |
| Action research | The use of research to address social issues and to generate broader theoretical understandings of socio-economic problems. WITH rather than ON people. |
| Social Transformation | Ensuring equity, safety and fairness in institutions. Large-scale change in societal structures such as governments and economies. Micro-level processes in the home and workplace too. |
| Praxis | The integration of mutually informing theory and research/practice in concrete actions to promote social transformation. |
| Reflexivity | Self-awareness in terms of how one's theory, research and actions are affecting others. Ethical implications of psychological research. |
| Theoretical understandings of socio-economic processes involves | 1. PRAXIS (synthesis of theory and practice) 2. ACTION RESEARCH (research to address social issues) 3. SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION (ensuring equity, safety and fairness in societal structures and homes - large scale change) |
| Why did Social Psychology emerge out of Philosophy? | Due to increased urbanization and fears about revolution and social upheaval |
| Why are psychologists interested in groups? | Due to the new social formation of crowds, unions, political parties etc. Groups result in interpersonal group thinking and a loss of individuality. - Their shared thoughts and social pactices |
| Define the "Looking-glass self" | We learn how others (groups) see us and develop understandings of ourselves, situations and relationships. |
| Define Socialisation in Psychology | The processes through which humans learn what is expected of them and how to function in particular groups. |
| Resilience | Hardiness and social support. There are emphasized links between interpersonal relations and socio-political/economic contexts |
| Community resiliance | consequences of depression meditated by existing social support. Accept and embrace change as an opportunity for positive growth. |
| Why does Social Psychology attempt to be interdisciplinary? | The spanning of boundaries between different disciplines in order to draw on broader insights and advance knowledge. Integrating the insights from various fields as a lot of good social psychology research is produced in other academic disciplines |
| What is the Humanistic Approach | - Believes there is more to humans than just a sum of parts - Valuing the humanity in each person and their potential. -Empathy and the good in human behavior. |
| What is the SPSSI? (Society for the psychological study of social issues) | A society that focuses on the impact of economic inequalities on social groups. Explores societal origins of interrelated social problems such as poverty, conflict, prejudice and illness. |
| What does Liberation Social Psychology do? | Aims to actively understand the psychology of oppressed communities by addressing the oppressive sociopolitical structure in which they exist. |
| What is experimentalism? | During WW2, social psychologists studied propaganda (biased or misleading information used to promote political points of view), leadership and consequences of war for individuals, families and communities. Knowledge of group dynamics, leadership, persuasion etc used to improve the military |
| Main influences on experimentalism | After WW2 social psychology expanded. The most influential person was Aldolf Hitler. Actions of Nazis contributed to a focus on social conformity, persuasion, power and prejudice. (Milgram experiment - voltage) |
| Sherif stages experiments on group dynamics | Three experiments with boys aged 11-12 in camp settings. 1. Group building - two groups of ten boys, encouraged to develop group structure 2. Group conflict - Tug of war used to promite competition, tension and rivalry 3. Reduction of conflict - researchers intervened to reduce conflict (work together to achieve shared goals) |
| Billigs critique of Sherifs experiments | - Dominant social groups can subordinate minority groups through false conciousness - The experiment was 3 groups not two - Culturally located microsm of the broader society in which dominant groups exercise authority to influence the lives of minority groups |
| The shift to experimentalism | - Attributed in part to some psychologists striving to legitimate psychology as a scientific discipline. - Shift from responding to the needs of oppressed groups to instead reacting to the needs of the state/industry - Shift from political activists to neutral intermediates. |
| What are some of the troubles for the SPSSI? | - Accused of communism - doctatorship and some members lost academic posts. - The lab provided refuge in the 1950's, even those interested in socially embedded group processes such as conformity. - This lead to the narrowness of focus on subjects that could be studied in Lab conditions |
| Conformity | Social influence, or how the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of others affect us. The tendancy of individuals to think like other people in their social groups. Relates to status of self and others (String experiment in 1950s) |
| What was the Crisis of Psychology? | The calls for social psychology of relevance to everyday life. Social psychology needed to address the social inequalities and problems of the time. Over-reliance on experiments hampered the engagement with the needs of marginalised groups. |
| What are the three issues of experimental pschology that summarises the Crisis of Social Psychology? | 1. Social irrelevance (Doesn't produce practical knowledge with which to address social problems) 2. Universal validity (S.P often relies on studies of undergraduate students in artificial/experimental settings) 3. Presentation of scientific neutrality (S.P often denies the moral and political dimensions of its research while pretending to be value free and unbiased) |
| What is Bystander apathy | - When the likelihood of one person assisting another person who is in danger diminishes as the size of the observing group increases. - Diffusion of responsibility |
| What is Behaviour analysis? | - Modifying the behaviour of individuals - For example, token economies - Applications of philosophy of behaviourism |
| What is, and when was, the Cognitive Revolution? | - 1950's - Re-positioning the core of experimental psychology - Sought to establish meaning, rather than behaviour, as the central subject matter of psychology. - How we make sense of the world around us and underlining mental processes. |
| (Chapter three) How would you conceptualise social psychology? | - S.P focuses on both the problems that haunt human lives and positive relationships that enable people to avoid, cope with, and overcome such problems. - Interwoven with everyday life - Individuals influenced by actual, imagined or implied presence of others |
| How would you conceptualise everyday life? | -Everyday life is where we live our lives and engage with others as a matter of course - Slippery concept that invokes both routine and disruption. - Cannot reduce to repetitive acts. - Made up of lives that overlap - not universal |
| Define the Dialogical Self | - Two way internal communication, of ongoing interactions between characters and situations that shapes who a person becomes. - Interwoven 'self and society' (social world is a part of who we are, and who we will become) - "How the self leaks out into the world and how the world seeps into our inner self" |
| Disruption and change in daily life | These are not separate from everyday life and are key points for renewal and opportunities for growth and change. These events that invoke the re-crafting of ones life are not always negative. :) |
| Sternbergs love triangle consists of what? | |
| What are the 6 factors associated with partner selection? | 1. Physical attractiveness 2. Proximity 3. Complementary 4. Familiarity 5. Similarity 6. Exchange |
| What attributes are linked to physically attractive people? | - Socially competent - happiness, kindness, intelligence - successful life |
| Why is social psychology so interested in crowds? | - Important formations of interest - Threats to social order - Individuals lose their individuality - 'mass panics' 'bewildered herd' - People submerged in crowds and incapable of principled judgement - vulnerable to manipulation - People stripped of civilisation and revert to basic emotions and impulses. - Incapability to reason, loss of judgement - crowds behave as zombies, devour individuals and threaten society. |
| What is filial piety? | A Chinese theory that a child's life in an extension of the parents, rather than a totally autonomous existence as is the case in Western societies. Thus the child has an increased obligation to the parents |
| Feral children show an example of what Social Psychological theory? | - Provides insights into how people acquire language and how poor living conditions can be compensated for. - Shows how people learn and grow as members of communities. - Mind-world dualism - Social representations theory Social identity theory - Interconnected self - Subject-object-relations (individual and society 'twin born') |
| Gender Socialisation | - Online, most people switch gender characters to experiment with aspects of character that were difficult to explore in 'real life', to change how other characters interacted with them, to avoid unsolicited approaches from males, and to see how it felt to interact as another gender. - Shows how people use media to expand their socialisation experiences and open up new possibilities for research into gender socialisation |
| What is Subject-object-dualism? | - Based on the assumption that human meaning and experience resides inside ones head while the outer world contains meaningless objects. - Objects, places, situations and people are interwoven into a lifeworld |
| What is subject-object-relations? | - Relationships between peoples sense of self, the places they go, the people whom they interact with, and material objects (their 'things') - Objects, places, situations and people are interwoven into a lifeworld |
| What is Habitus? | - Comprises the accumulated understandings and practices that are internalized both psychologically and physically, and that become taken for granted as appropriate for particular circumstances. - It is developed through interactions with others and shared within groups - A marker of attributes associated with that particular class of people in particular places (business women) |
| What is the connection between illness, body and gender? | - Sensations, tingles, and niggles that are signs of illness are often noticed by woman more than men due to woman traditionally having feminine roles as caregivers, and men traditionally not giving in to illness and working. - These broader cultural patterns of gender can influence peoples experiences of their bodies and decisions regarding illness and what actions are appropriate. |
| Define Interdependence theory | - People are more likely to be content and maintain relationships that meet their needs as individuals. |
| What is Confirmation Bias? | - People only attend to information that confirms prejudicial views regarding other people, things or experiences |
| What is Congruent Information? | - Information that is absorbed into an existing schema - Requires little conscious effort |
| What is Incongruent information? | Information that requires more effort to be integrated into a persons existing knowledge base |
| What are Schemas? | - Coherent memories or structures for organizing peoples understandings of daily life. They influence what people recall about situations and how they interpret a given situations. They are activated automatically |
| What is attribution theory? | How people attribute or explain their own behaviour, and the behaviour of other individuals or groups. Associated with assumptions about fairness and justice |
| Causes for behaviour linked to attribution theory | Internal; (dispositional) - personal, attitudes, motivation, intellegence External; (situational) - poor housing, lack of opportunities |
| What are attribution errors? | Errors of judgement When a person wrongly infers the causes of the behaviour of others |
| What are fundamental attribution errors? | when observers attribute another persons behavior solely to internal factors and ignore or downplay the influence of external factors. These observers are more likely to identify their own actions with reference to external factors as they're more aware of them and are less willing to direct the blame towards themselves. |
| What is attribution bias? | - Self-serving bias (good grade is due to own intelligence, bad grade is due to a bad teacher) |
| What is actor observer bias | A form of fundamental attribution error where an observer attributes another persons behavior to their overall disposition rather than to situational factors. This frequent error shows the bias that people hold in their evaluations of behavior |
| Self-serving bias | Allows others to feel okay about not helping others because these others have bought misfortune upon themselves. Consequently, it is the responsibility of people in need to help themselves. - Victim blaming and moral exclusion |
| Stereotypes lead to prejudice and prejudice leads to discrimination.....What are stereotypes? | Oversimplifies, exaggerated and demeaning mental categories for the character of people and groups. The central concept to work on prejudice Impacts opportunities and rights for minority groups. - Legitimate prejudicial ideas about racial inferiority and both subtle and brutal subjugation |
| Stereotypes lead to prejudice and prejudice leads to discrimination.....WHAT IS PREJUDICE? | Negative perceptions of people based on their ethic, class, gender, sexual orientation, religious and disabled groups. - Based on groups they're attached to rather than actions and abilities Based on inaccurate stereotypes. Contribute to stratification |
| Stereotypes lead to prejudice and prejudice leads to discrimination.....WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION? | Treating members of certain groups unfairly based on prejudicial stereotypes. Based on inaccurate stereotypes. Contribute to stratification |
| What is Mind-world-dualism? Hint = it underlies the cognitive approach, schemas, stereotypes and attributions | How we can be sure that out knowledge of the world actually reflects the world outside our bodies. The self is an enclosed universe Through interaction with others people can test and revise their ideas Takes knowledge out of community, interaction and places it within individuals. |
| What is social construction? Hint = it is 'Assertonic' - claims based on experience, observation, emotion and reason. | All knowledge is a social construction. There is no absolute certainty in it, but it is the best possible explanation. It is never pure, universal or objective. e.g. Yellow or blue?? |
| What is externalisation? | An act of turning ideas into artifacts or practices. People externalise when they act upon the world, turning ideas into reality. Thoughts no longer viewed as the product of human thought. (ideas in brochure about the effects of unemployment become social policy) |
| What is objectivation? | When ideas become seen as something natural, immutable and real that exists independent of people |
| What is internalisation? | People being socialised into a society where things already exist. People internalise ideas and accounts as part of their conciousness and their ways of being in the world. e.g. If you fail a job interview, you think you're lacking ability as you succumb to the negative light of unemployment. |
| What is the social cognitive approach? | Inadequacy of behaviorism as an explanation for human thought and action. Making sense of the world by interpreting and organising info from the world around us. Our ideas can exist and be refined outside of our heads. |
| What is the social representations theory | Shared understandings that evolve through everyday communication and provide frameworks for people to use when interpreting their own experiences and the experiences of other people. Provides a basis for a culture |
| Why do social psychologists stress working with rather than on people? | So that they don't influence the participant. The researchers reduce their power relative to the participant. - Reflexivity (self-awareness in terms of how ones theory, research and actions affect others) |
| What is Social Identity Theory? | When acting in groups, we define ourselves in terms of our group membership and seek to have our group values positively |
| What makes someone indigenous? | Those who self-identify as indigenous and are recognised by others Place, ethnicity, history and culture They're mobile Distinct and see themselves differently to others Occupy non-dominant groups or sectors of society (usually minorities) |
| Why is culture important to social psychology? | Psychologies attempt to respond to the diverse needs of different people, including immigrant and indigenous groups who experience the world differently and whose lives are regulated by different norms and shared practices. Culture is seen as a consensus that contains rituals, beliefs, habits, institutions and language of a group. |
| What is acculturation? | A process of cultural change where one group adapts to, and adopts a new culture Can have long term irreversible impacts |
| What is enculturation? | First culture learning Gradual acquisition of characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture... etc |
| Seggregation | The separation of groups in activities of daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a fountain etc |
| Processes of colonisation | 1. coloniser denies the existence of a local culture and dismisses the legitimacy of indigenous legals and educational systems, while promoting settler culture and institutes. Local languages are suppressed, settler language imposed. 2. Coloniser destroys artifacts and sacred areas 3. Marginalises locals, cultural practices are 'primitive' 4. Traditional cultural practices tolerated 5. Settlers draw on elements such as medicines 6. Settlers exploit the culture for commercial gain |
| Consequences of colinisation | Indigenous societies significantly affected - Physical war/death/torture/violence - Political exclusion - Economic exploitation - Sexual exploitation - Control of culture - Fragmentation of community -Land loss |
| Etic vs Emic approaches to knowledge production | Etic = description of a particular language or culture that is general, nonstructural, and objective in its perspective Emic = description of a particular language or culture in terms of its internal elements and their functioning rather than in terms of any existing external scheme. |
| Minority group influence | Minority groups are usually numerically superior. They share a sense of identity, suffering and displacement. Subjugated to the rules and culture of the dominant group that sets the rules and controls resources. Their ideas and practices influence major groups |
| Indigenous Psychologies goal | Have a minority influence on the broader discipline and acknowledge that all theories don't have universal relevance |
| What is the Cobweb self? | The self is a cobweb connected to many other people, each of whom is a web. The cobweb is a dynamic fields in which one person, as an action-taker, has to think and do things affecting those linked. Many events reshape the web and others connected to it. |
| What is the dialogical self? | - Multi-voiced self "I" - distinct from other people (in our minds) "Me" - is seen and experienced by others (ones possessions and relationships) e.g. How people experience themselves as a mother or father through their relationships through their children |
| What is Place? | Weaves together space, built form, behaviour and ideas. Social, economic, political and historical contexts |
| What are activity settings? | - Social relationships/behaviours embedded in specific physical environments - "mutually defining" - Relationships and places give meaning to eachother - Simple acts reproduce social norms regarding appropriate behaviour - shape and shaped through actions (yelling and stamping at a game vs church) |
| What is Arts-based intervention? | Art provides a medium through which community members engage in the joint identification and production of images, symbols and other resources that indexes their visions and aspirations for their community. Place derived meanings |
| Community gardens and health | - Group participation in a shared project - Community bonds, food and recreational opportunities in a neighborhood - Provides local food supplies - Social benefits - belonging to and respecting a neighborhood - increased sense of belonging and satisfaction .. therapeutic |
| desegregation and place | - Changing places to advance social change. - Includes efforts to understand the formation and maintenance of attitudes shaping racial integration - With increased contact between groups, racial prejudices would be reduced - tolerant society |
| Environmental psychology | - The study of people in relation to the environment - Real life research - not in labs Physical - perception of and cognition in different environments Subjective - Memories and identity in relation to places |
| Place based identities | Placed based identities constitutes an attempt to account for the influence of the places we move through and dwell in. Foraged through intimate understandings of settings, bodily placement, social interactions, providing a sense of 'insider status' - football grounds - home team stadium offers a sense of belonging and ownership for the fans |
| Neighbourhood renewal | - improve physical environments in order to foster mutual support and health - Qualities of place impact the residents well-being as place is a social determinant of health |
| Place assosiations | A sense of place in which memories are made and associated with particular locations - providing a sense of connection, history and shares activity. - Long term bonds between people an their homes/communities |
| Cognitive dissonance | Tension caused when holding two contradictory thoughts simultaneously - When your actions contradict your morals |
| Home, things & place | - Intimate relationship between self and place - sense of belonging, comfort and familiarity. - Home meets psychological needs - Decorations reflect the inhabitants tastes and the internal dimensions of self are manifested in the display of objects |
| Migration | - The movement of people from one place to another, involving a change of residence and a distinct change to everyday life. |
| Types of Migration | Voluntary - explorers, (opportunities) Involuntary - refugees (safety) - push (overpopulation) - pull (resources) International National |
| Pro's of Migration for migrants and host countries | - A fundamental part of history, culture and society. It is the spread of ideas, language, goods and technology. - new opportunities - richer, diverse culture - fill labour shortages - international connections - new ideas - new start - novelty and adventure - escape restrictive conditions |
| Cons of Migration for migrants and host countries | - disruption and dislocation, loss of identity, status, rootedness, sense of belonging, racism, marginalisation. Difficulties with integration, language barriers, unemployment, separation from loved ones. Competition fro jobs, housing and resources. Overcrowding, downward wage pressures, conflict over religion and cultural views, change to host culture. |
| Migration significance to psychology | Involves; - transition and settlement processes - Acculturation - Construction of identities - Issues of power and social justice - Resilience and community building - Culture diversity - Racism, prejudice and marginalisation |
| What is culture shock? | Disorientation involved in being in an unfamiliar context Shows stages of emotional and psychological reactions |
| U-shape culture shock model |
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| What is human capital? | - Skills, resources, attributes that are values and shared by the dominant cultural community - The dominant cultural community determines what is values. - Distribution of power in a society |
| Personal identity making | Memories of place, history and country or origin play a significant role in the community formation and personal identity making process |
| Technology and migrants | technology is an important form of communication, online immigrant community organisations influence the life of the community members in the home and receiving country. |
| What are the 5 variants of health psychology? | - Clinical - Public - Community Organisation - Critical |
| Clinical health psychology | hospitals and clinics medical insights into pain management develop procedures to minimise mistakes help families adjust to chronic illness |
| Public health psychology | field of health promotion health outcomes assosiated with broarder society prevent illness and treat society |
| Community health psychology | - health promotion - local community action and collective responses - strengthen community supports - promote participation in efforts to address and identify social needs of health |
| Organisational social psychology | - Draws on community, public, and clinical psychology. - Applies psychological knowledge - Healthier work practices and environments - Employee work programs help to cope with work stress - Work and life balance |
| Clinical health psychology | Academic orientated Develop public and community health psychologies Addressing health concerns Draws upon notions of social justice and investigate how social justices can contribute to illness. |
| What is the Biopsychosocial model of health | Concerns the interaction of biological, psychological and social dimensions of health. Recognition of the importance of psychosocial factors such as relationships, stress, supports etc for recovery Medication can relieve the effects of stress on an individual, but it doesn't remove the stress source |
| Criticisms of the biopsychosocial model | Still equates the individual with responsibility for health and simply adds variables such as stress to a Western medical equation. The model fails to explain how biological, psychological and situation factors impact health |
| Stress | Environmental stimuli invoke a psychological and physiological reaction known as stress. A sense of being challenged or unable to deal with events. |
| Social relationships helping stress | Emotional reassurance Intimacy Someone to talk to and help resolve stress |
| Social stratification in work-related health | - Patterns of social relations that are stable, recurring and transgenerational - Reflect how individuals are ranked (power, status and prestige) - Played out in the workplace - Women from minority backgrounds are less likely to have high paid jobs, thus have fewer benefits, security and more risks of illness - Work is a social determinant of health |
| Health promotion Individual health | Individual health; Behavior change approach to health promotion focuses primarily on individual actions and consequences of those for health Efforts to encourage people to reduce unhealthy behaviors (smoking) and make others aware of healthy ones (exercise) |
| Health promotion Collective health | Inequalities in resources and health status that are prevalent within and across societies - due to social structures. Developing strategies for challenging social inequalities and re-politicising health |
| What is healthism? | Healthism promotes individual choice as the primary source of health and associates the prevention of illness with personal choices, willpower or the alleviation of barriers to behaviour change. |
| Health psychology focus has a variety of approaches, what are they? | 1. Behavior change 2. Self empowerment 3. Collective plan/action Heavy reliance on cognitive and behavioral models Coping with, rather than changing broader causes of illness |
| What is the social cognition model? | - explains how people, environments and behaviours are interlinked - Causes of illness are individual health related choices |
| Critiques of the social cognition model | Intentions not always predictive of behaviours Individual view and limited perspective Relationships, poverty, life chances Ignores social determinants (attribution error - internal rather than external) |
| Justice vs Social Justice | Social justice is how justice is EXCERSISED in a society, particularly between different social groups and classes. It is hard to define as it means different things to different people. Justice is moral rights and equtableness |
| Define distributive justice... HINT = distribution | - A 'fair share' in the allocation of resources and rights. (Equal pay for equal years experience) |
| Define procedural justice... HINT = procedure | 'Fair treatment' in the processes that underlie the use of resources and rights. No favoritism or bias e.g. bonus for those working well |
| What is social exchange? | - Says that social life is a process of exchanges - Individuals maximise benefits and minimise costs in social behavour Assumes people are always rational Can lead to the belief that people can be controlled with rewards and punishments |
| What is attribution theory? | - How we attribute casuality (cause and responsibility) in our interpretations of everyday events and behaviour - internal (dispositional) attributions - external (situational) attributions Attributions are at the heart of our reactions to injustices |
| What is Social Justice theory? | - All justice is Social justice, as a social construction. It is constructed and negotiated in everyday life |
| Who is Heider the scientist? | - He published hugely influential writings such as balance theory and attribution |
| Equity theory | People engage in a mental algebra when evaluating their relationships. If inputs and outputs are proportional, then the relationship is equitable Inequitable relationships result in cognitive dissonance Individuals try to maximise their outcomes Groups maximise their rewards by evolving accepted systems for equitably appointing rewards and costs. |
| Balance theory | Also concerned with the ways people seek consistency like cognitive dissonance, but more externally focused. They strive for balance in their cognitions and social relationships - people prefer harmony and consistancy in their social interactions and in events. This explains how people feel close when they share similar attitudes |
| What are the limitations of justice? | Individual rights; property rights, freedom of speech, religious expression. Rights vs Responsibility Equal opportunity; Insufficient opportunities? Some people don't have the resources to be in the playing field, some people think the odds are against them |
| Procedural justice and fairness | Knowledge of procedures - need to be aware of how policies are made Perceptions of fair processes Voice Ease of operation Shared values Fair decisions Consistency Bias suppression |
| Humanism; Define Altruism | Altrusim and 'pro-social behaviour' are terms used by psychologists with reference to the actions of human beings that help other people HUMANS THAT HELP OTHER PEOPLE |
| Main points of Humanistic Psychology | - You cannot reduce people to psychological factors - We have moved beyond the fact that 'if it cannot be observed or measures then it does not exist' - Values the humanity in each person and their potential - Aligned with dialogical and interconnected selves - positive focus on human potential - Social developments that enable people to flourish. |
| Inverse care | The availability of medical care varies inversely with the actual needs of particular population groups. People from higher socioeconomic statuses tend to be healthier, consumre more resources and attention from medical professions. Positive Psychology focuses on middle class people who are already doing well ad realising their potential, those less fortunate shouldn't have resources shifted away and less attention. |
| Human Dignity | Human dignity is the valuing of people by virtue of their humanity and is manifest in persons and groups as moral agents. "All human beings are equal and thus as individuals should be treated with certain minimum levels of decency and respect." - Basic for notions of social justice and procedural fairness |
| Social Dignity | - Stems from the recognition that human dignity is contingent and contextually situated. We earn, give and experience social dignity in different settings. |
| What are the two types of Social Dignity? | - DIGNITY OF SELF; confidence that a person holds, 'looking glass self', socially constructed through interactions with others and how we see others percieving us and our actions. - DIGNITY IN RELATION; Reflect value towards others through actions and language at particular times and places. Respect those who have a rank or status. Must be earned through good deeds and can be lost through antisocial acts. Dignity can be taken from people through discrimination and denial of human rights |
| Critical Humanism | - Draws insights from Humanistic and positive psychology Focus on social cohesion, inclusion, support and action. Moderates individual choice with consideration of peoples life chances, resources and living conditions. Removing barriers to human flourishing (social justice) Assisting people and communities to develop and grow Social transformation Subordinate groups Working WITH not ON |
| What is community resilience? | - More than simply the capacity to 'bounce back' The community accepts and embraces change as an opportunity for positive growth |
| Social identity theory | Belonging to groups is a fundamental part of being human since our sence of self comes from others - looking glass self.Helping is a basis for social group membership and a key part of building a social identity as a 'good person' Shared social identities collapse social distance Behaving in interest of own groups (group attachment) |
| Is pure altruism possible? | Pure altruism is self sacrifice with no self interest |
| Egoism | The notion that people are never truly selfless Acts are only driven by self-worth |
| Reciprocity | A persons previous experiences as recipients of altruisic acts drive their subsequent acts However You can feel good about yourself for helping someone that may one day help you |
| Homoempathicus | Importance of empathy for human society Empathy as a primary biological impulse - mirror neurons Connection and vital to our well-being |
| Humanistic psychology main point | Has a long term history shaped by the broader discipline and the desire for psychologists to change the dominance of behaviourism. Traditional H.P does not begin and end with individuals, the self- actualised individual has a high sense of social connections and responsibilities. |
| Positive Psychology | Has emerged out of clinical psychology in an attempt to re-imagine humanistic psychology |
| Main points for media | - We doubt our own beliefs and knowledge due to respect for the brand that is stating the information (conformity) - We latch onto things that we are told - Digital manipulation has resulted in humans perception of beauty to be morphed - We expect to see slides in lectures and tutorials - we are all lonely yet we construct these internet identities - Violent games and movies might result in the innate need to go and do it in society Pornography linked to rape |
| Why psychologists study media | Because it effects the public Social inclusion and exclusion are key focuses as the media introduces strangers to us - this can promote proximity and distance Group social identities formed from comparison with others in on-going social interactions. - Symbolic power |
| Fundamental attribution error | Blaming media rather than material circumstances for social problems |
| Belief perseverance | To cling to ones initial belief even after new information contradicts that belief |
| Development of the media, media epoches | 1. Aniquity (painting, theatre, carvings) 2. Renassistance (printing press) 3. Industrial revolution (Mass printing) 4. Modern (Mass media) 5. Contemporaty (digital continuation of early technologies. Issues of spying/internet control) |
| Violent games and behaviour | Fundamental attribution error Rise in violent gaming, drop in violent crime Media an influence rather than a cause |
| Propaganda | Biased or misleading information used to promote a particular political cause or point of view. It is not always a negative term. It promotes a perspective rather than mutual exchanges through communication. It is non educative |
| Effectiveness of propoganda | It works on existing public values The truth should be used where possible to sustain credibility - lies should be used if they cannot be disproved. Intimate knowledge of the audience can lead to 'mass seduction' A cultivate climate of fear Label events with distinctive slogans |
| Media convergence and cross-fertilisation | A process by which various media forms, such as computers, can now screen television programs and films and can download music. One can also read comic books online and download texts over mobile phones. Convergence also relates to media cross-fertilization whereby a comic book character such as hulk now appears n a movie and video game, and his growl can be used as someones ring tone. |
| Media psychology | Focuses on the roles psychologists play in various aspects of the media, including radio, television, film, video, newsprint, magazines and newer technologies. It seeks to promote research into the impact of media on human behavior; to facilitate interaction between psychology and media representatives; to inrich the teaching, training, and practice of media psychology; and to prepare psychologists to interpret psychological research to the lay public and other professionals |
| The use of media | Media can affect social change by distributing alternative public narratives and alternative characterizations of particular communities. |
| Media and racism | "Naturalising inequality and blaming victims is a strategy that refers to the media's tendency to report on racial patterns of socioeconomic inequality without attempting to examine the structural causes of such inequality" According to news reports, what is required is personal change rather than social and structural change, and as a result the status quo is not challenged. Reports naturalise images of black people as being prone to crime, violent and educational failure. Deaths of white people are deeply personalised to invoke sympathy and black deaths are more concentrated on numbers.. |
| What were the Bobo doll studies of 1961 and 1963 and what did they show about violence and the media? | In the first room, the children were individually shown an adult beating a bobo doll with a mallet. The child was then taken into another room in which another adult played with other toys & ignored the bobo doll. The third room the children were allowed to play with toys & then were told they were reserved for other children but there were toys in another room for them. In the fourth room, there were toys & a bobo doll., including a mallet, dart gun, paper & crayons and balls. The child was observed behind a one-way mirror. Children exposed to the aggressive adult were more inclined to behave in a physically aggressive way & boys were more likely to be more aggressive than girls. Bandura reached the conclusion that in seeing an adult behave violently, children could learn that such behavior is more acceptable & thus could be more likely 2 behave violently themselves. In the 1963 study, she found that video modeled aggression was influential but less than in present adults. If violence was in the media as a way to resolve personal conflicts, It seemed socially acceptable |
| Two-step flow model of communication | - Postulates that media information first reaches opinion leaders, who are individuals who attend to attend to media sources and emerging trends in society. These leaders then pass on their interpretations of the messages to other people in the community. They exert a personal influence on the flow of ideas from the media to the public. |
| Cultivation theory | The term cultivation is used to describe the 'independent contributions television viewing makes to viewer conceptions of social reality" |
| Cultivation analysis | offers further insights into the influences of media on public understandings. The impacts of the cultivation of shared conceptions of reality among otherwise diverse publics. Major themes in TV match surveys of public perceptions on issues. |
| Media, discrimination and intergroup understandings | For any group, let alone a minority, news coverage is a means of gaining wider attention for their agenda, of making their voices heard, and of possibly making a difference on issues important to them. News is also a highly controlled forum of ideas and voices. It not only gives room for the flow of ideas and information, but it may also inhibit this flow. |
| Power relations, media and impacts | Whose views are privileged and whose views are restrained in news reports reveals a lot about wider power relations in a society. Such symbolic power - the power to name and define a group or issue - is often linked to economic and social privilege, which enables dominant group assumptions to impact the lives of minority groups. |
| Cultural indicators project (part of cultivation analysis) | The cultural indicators project in the US tracked major themes in TV coverage over 1960s-1990s. Questionnaires with items reflecting these patterns were administered to samples of the public. Any patterns across media content and public responses were taken as evidence of televisions contribution to the construction of reality. This demonstrated differences between rates of violence on tv and statistical facts regarding the actual incidence of violence in society, suggesting that tv coverage overestimates the levels of violence in society - THE MEAN WORLD SYNDROME. May avoid public gatherings |
| Media and rape.. fundamental attribution error | We are preocupied in the search of evidence of negative effects of the media on our behaviour. The tendancy to place media as the main cause of a raft of social problems is now regularly questioned within the dicipline. Psychologists are blaming media for violence in society and ignoring issues such as poverty and discrimination. |
| Routine activity approach | If routine daily practices reduce the likelihood of perpetrators of crime and victims coming into contact with each other, then the frequency of crime will drop. |
| Media and everyday life | Media devices are completed in daily life through their use in broader processes of social reproduction in which people and technology can reproduce each other. We can even try out different selves online. |
| Youth and social participation | Blogs, web pages, artistic creations and social network is a large part of teenagers lives. It provides a means for communication and interpretation of others lives and experiences. They maintain links with friends and family, while meeting new people and staying informed of social issues |
| Media and domesticity | Domestic worlds involve spaces that are simultaneously public and private, individual and shared. These electronics act as portals to wider and often physically distant worlds |
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