Flashcards
EDPY 302 Test 1
Cards in this deck (76)
- 1What is Development?The orderly appearance, over time, of physical structures, psychological traits, behaviours and ways of adapting to demands of life
- 2What are the two different changes brought on by development?Qualitative and Quantitative
- 3What are qualitative changes?Changes in type or kind
(ex. motor develpment: sit, crawl, stand, walk, run) - 4What are Quantitative Changes?Changes in the amount
(ex. when children start to walk they walk faster and faster until they're running) - 5What is the difference between growth and development?Growth refers to changes in size or quantity
Development refers to changes in quality - 6What did John Locke think of children?-Blank slate
-Focus on environment and experience
-Nurture - 7What did Rousseau think of children?-Children are inherently good
-Nature - 8What was Sigmund Freud's Theory?Psychosexual Develpoment
- 9What are the parts of Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory?The id, the ego, the superego
- 10What is the id?Present at birth and unconscious
Represents biological drives and demands and instant gratification - 11What is the ego?Conscious self
Develops when children learn gratification for themselves
Children learn to make plans keeping with social conventions so a person can find gratification and avoid disapproval - 12What is the superego?Develops throughout infancy and childhood
Brings inward the norms and morals of caregiver and members of the community
(if child misbehaves, superego will flood him with guilt) - 13What are the five stages of psychosexual development?Oral:
Anal: gratification obtained through control and elimination of waste products
Phallic: strong sexual attachment to one parent, rival parent, masturbation conflict
Latency: feelings remain unconscious, prefer playmates of own sex
Genital: begins with biological changes of adolescence, sexual gratification through sex - 14What was Erik Erikson's Theory?Psychosocial Development
- 15What are the differences between Erikson and Freud?Erikson focused on self-identity and argued that social relationships are more important than sexual or aggressive instincts
- 16How many stages does Erikson have?Eight
- 17What are the main arguments of behaviourism?-Focus on observable behaviour
-Children's environments influence the development, but they also place themselves in environments that are harmonious - 18What are two techniques of behaviourism?Classical conditioning, operant conditioning
- 19What is the difference between reinforcers and punishments?Reinforcers are stimuli that increase the frequency of a behaviour
Punishments reduce the frequency of the behaviour - 20What are the main points of Social Cognitive Theory?-Children's learning also occurs by observing parents, teachers and children
-Children need practice
-Children are active learners - 21What are the main points of the Cognitive-Developmental Theory?-Focus on children's mental processes
-How children perceive the world
-Children assimilate new events to existing schemes or accommodate schemes - 22What is the information-processing theory?Focuses on the processes by which information is encoded, stored, retrieved and manipulated
- 23What is the difference between learning theorists and stage theorists?Learning theorists see development as continuous
Stage theorists see development as discontinuous - 24What are Piaget's Basic Concepts?Scheme: pattern of action involved acquiring knowledge
Adaptation: Interaction between child and environment
Assimilation: respond to new object or event according to schemes
Accommodation: adjust schemes to a new event
Equilibration: process of restoring equilibrium - 25What did Jean Piaget study?Social Cognitive Theory
- 26Acronym for Piaget's concepts?SCAAAE
- 27What are the four major stages of Cognve Development Theory?1. Sensorimotor (birth-2; child with enviro)
2. Preoperational (2-7, child represents world symbolically)
3. Concrete Operational (7-12; child learns rules such as observation)
4. Formal Operational (12 +; adolescent can transcend concrete to think about future) - 28What are two biologically oriented theories?1. Ethology: study of behaviours to a specific species, involves instinctive behaviour patterns
2. Developmental neuroscience: nervous system's relations to development, brains are built not born - 29How many systems are embedded in the Ecological Perspective of Development?Five
- 30What are the five embedded systems of the Ecological Perspective?Micro, Meso, Exo, Macro, Chrono
- 31Give examples of each system of the Ecological PerspectiveMicrosystem: Family, school, peers
Mesosystem: Interactions between micro (student-teacher interviews)
Exosystem: Indirect influence (school board, parent's economic situation)
Macrosystem: Interactions of children's beliefs, values, lifestyles of cultural-setting
Chronosystem: Environmental changes that occur over the life course - 32What theory did Vygotsky' do?Sociocultural Theory
- 33What is the Sociocultural Perspective?Children are social beings being influenced by their cultures
- 34What are the main ideas of the Sociocultural Theory?-Transmission of information and skills from generation to generation
-Child's social interaction with adults organizes child's learning
-Scaffolding - 35What is the Zone of Proximal Development?Range of tasks child can perform with help of more skilled other
Use conversations to guide learning, external becomes internal guide - 36What are 3 methods of observation?Naturalistic observation (observing subject in natural environment)
The Case Study (diaries, questionnaires, tests, interviews)
The Survey (studies processes that cannot be observed) - 37What is a positive vs. negative correlation?Positive: +1 (things are correlated)
Negative: -1 (not correlated) - 38Difference between Longitudinal Research and Cross-Sectional ResearchLongitudinal: same children observed repeatedly
Cross-Sectional: children of different ages are observed and compared - 39What are the four steps in Action Research?1. Select a focus
2. Collect data
3. Analyze and interpret data
4. Take action - 40What theories are oriented toward nature?Cognitive-Development Theory
Biological Theoriest - 41What theories are oriented toward nurture?Learning theories
- 42What are genotypes vs phenotypes?Genotypes: set of traits inherited from parents
Phenotypes: actual set of traits (product of genetics and enviro) - 43What is the sequence of physical development?Cephalocaudal Developmeent: upper part of head to the lower parts of body
Proximodistal Development: trunk outward - from body's central axis toward periphery
Differentiation: tendency of behaviour to become more specific and distinct - 44Do human infants have more neural connections than adults?Sure do!
- 45What patterns does motor development follow?Cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns
(ex. lifting head and holding before torso, locomotion sequence) - 46How does Development proceed?In a cephalocaudal manner
- 47When do infants learn how to control their heads?3 to 6 months
- 48When do children learn how to grasp?4 to 6 months
- 49What is the sequence of grasp techniques in infants?Ulnar grip (fingers and palm)
Pincer grip (use of thumb) - 50When can infants roll over?6 months
- 51What age do infants start to crawl?8 or 9 months
- 52What do neonates prefer visually?Longer stripes than blobs
8-12 weeks, prefer curved lines
Infants prefer attractive faces - 53What is Perceptual Constancy?Tendency to perceive an object to be the same even though the sensations produced by the object vary different various conditions
- 54What is Size Constancy?Tendency to perceive the same object as being the same even though their retinal sizes vary as a function of their distance
- 55What is Shape Constancy?Tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape even though the shape projected onto the retina may change dramatically
- 56When do acuity and peripheral vision approximate adult levels?8 to 12 weeks of age
- 57Why do neonates prefer faces?Because they're complex images
- 58How are steps of perceptual development?Mercy of external stimuli
Intentional action replaces capture
Systematic search replaces unsystematic search
Attention becomes selective
Irrelevant information gets ignored - 59What is a Scheme?An action pattern (reflex) that is involved in acquisition or organization of knowledge
- 60What age is the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?First two years
- 61How many sensorimotor substages?Six
- 62Simple Reflexes traits:Birth to 1 month
Assimilation of stimulation into reflexes - 63Primary Circular Reactions traits:1 to 4 months
Primary = focus on infant's own body
Circular = repeated behaviours
Occur by chance - 64Secondary Circular Reactions traits:4 to 8 months
Secondary = focus on objects or environmental events
Track moving objects until they disappear
Patterns repeated because of their effects - 65Coordination of Secondary Schemes traits:8 to 12 months
Coordinate schemes to attain goals
Begin to imitate others - 66Tertiary Circular Reactions traits:12 to 18 months
Deliberate trial and error behaviours
Adapt schemes to situations - 67Invention of New Means through Mental Combinations traits:18 to 24 months
External exploration replaced by mental exploration - 68What kind of language style is used mainly to label objects?Referential
- 69What kind of theorists explain language development in terms of imitation and reinforcement?Learning Theorists
- 70According to what theory does language acquisition involve an interaction between environmental influences and an inborn tendency to acquire language?Psycholinguistic Theory
- 71Which side of the brain deals mainly with language?Left
- 72How do infants create sentences?Early sentences are telegraphic
- 73How do learning theorists explain language development?In terms of imitation and reinforcement
- 74What is a nativist view of language development?"prewiring" causes children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways
- 75What is the sensitive period for learning language?18 to 24 months and lasts until puberty
- 76—
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- Flashcards on EDPY 302 Test 1, created by Brianna knoop on 09/10/2018.
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