Flashcards
Drugs and Behavior Chapter One
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1What is Psychopharmacology? What are it's alternate names and what do they mean?Psychopharmacology: The study of how drugs affect mood, thinking, or behaviour.
Behavioural Pharmacology: how drugs affect behaviour. (behaviour heavy)
Neuropsychopharmacology: how drugs affect the nervous system and how these change/alter behaviour. - 2What are Psychoactive Drugs? Examples?Drugs that affect mood, perception, thinking, or behaviour. Psychostimulants (Cocaine, Meth), Nicotine/Caffeine, Alcohol, GHB/Inhalants, Opioids (Morphine, Fentanyl), Cannabinoids, Psychadelics (LSD),
- 3Consider the Stats: How Prevalent are the Use of Drugs?100mil Anti-Depressants, 80mil Anti-Anxiety, 200mil pain relievers.
114mil alcohol consumers,
25mil mariujana users,15mil perscription drugs, 70mil tobacco users
We are all consumers. we should know about what we are ingesting. they provide important tools for understanding human behaviour.
(For example, the use of an antidepressant led to understanding roles that certain neurotransmitters and brain structures play in depression) - 4What are Pharmacotheraputics?Drugs used for treating disorders.
- 5Textbook Definition of 'DRUG'Administered Substance that Alters Physiological Functioning.
Indicates that a person is knowingly taking the substance and implies that the substance changes physiological functioning in a sufficient way. - 6What are some problems with the textbook definition of "Drugs"?Administered is vague, and it excludes naturally made substances. Not everything we take (like vitamins) do we call drugs.
Substances is also vague. by this definition, a lot more things could be considered drugs (like food, vitamins).
It restricts us from non-conforming substances and their behaviour altering affects. - 7Instrumental vs Recreational Drug UseInstrumental: Using a drug for a specific purpose/result (pain relief)
Recreational: Using a drug just to experience the effects it has. - 8What are Therapeutic Drugs aka PharmacotherapeuticsDrugs used for treating mental or physical disorders
- 9Naming Drugs: Provide an Example for each naming categoryTrade/Brand Name: Tylenol, Advil
Generic Name: ibeprophin, clozapine
Chemical Name: ...... don't even try. describes the exact makeup of a drug.
Street Name: Coke, Meth, Acid, PCP, Crystal - 10What is Dose?Dose is the ratio of the amount of drug per an organism's body weight. (---g/kg)
- 11What is the Dose-Effect Curve (aka Dose-Response Curve)? Is Blue Drug or Green Drug more potent?A graph that depicts the magnitude of a drug effect by dose. Blue drug is more potent as it requires less of the drug to have 50% effectiveness (50% feel effects of drug or 50% of effects felt by participants)
- 12What does ED50 represent?The dose at which 50% of an effect was observed or 50% of participants had desired effects.
ED=Effective Dose - 13What is PotencyThe amount of drug used to produce a certain level of effect. High potency means that effects were observed at lower dosages.
LSD is HIGHLY potent because only 0.02mg is needed to produce hallucinations. - 14How do you calculate potency difference?You divide Drug B (highest ED value) by Drug A (lowest ED value). (10/4=2.5x more potent)
- 15What is a Therapeutic Index? How do we calculate it? (What is a [TD50] toxic dose?)It's the ratio of a drug's toxic-dose-effect curve value (TD50) relative to the therapeutic-dose-effect curve value (ED50).
Divide TD by ED to calculate. We want these values to be far apart. It's not safe if a drug is only taken 3x its ED to get to TD!
(Toxic Dose= 50% had adverse affects) - 16What is a certain safety index? What does this index tell us? Why is it safer in terms of calculations?A therapeutic index to determine safety.
Calculated by dividing TD1 by ED99.
It's used to avoid overlaps in ED and TD curves. Large therapeutic indexes from this calculation describe very separate and safe ED-TD differneces. - 17What is Pharmacodynamics? What is it not?It is the physiological actions of drugs. This includes how they act on the nervous system or on the brain's reward pathways.
(It is not the drugs passage through the body) - 18What is Pharmacokinetics?The drug's passage through the body. This field considers different types of administration, how long a drug stays in the body, how well it enters the brain, and how it leaves the body.
(it is not the physiological actions of drugs) - 19What is Pharmacogenetics?The study of how genetic differences influence a drug's pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects.
Provides a basis for differences between individuals and how a single drug is not a cure-all for everyone. - 20Psychoactive Drugs: Subjective vs Objective EffectsSubjective Effects: pharmacological effects that cannot be directly observed. These are effects that need the users description to measure/understand. (rating scales etc).
Subjective Effects help explain recreational and addictive use. it also explains therapeutic value of antidepressants etc. only the patient can say whether the drugs actually reduce depressive thoughts/anxiety etc.
Objective Effects: Can be directly measured. heart rate, blood pressure etc - 21Dependent Variable vs Independent Variables and examples relating to DrugsDependent Variable: the variable being measured. (usually behavioural measures, like # of word recall or a depression evaluation)
Independent Variable: conditions or treatments that might effect the dependent variable. (the drug) - 22Correlational vs Experimental StudyCorrelational: The independent variable does not change/is not altered.
Experimental: the independent variable is altered to see the effects on the dependent variable. - 23What are Treatment Arms?The number of treatments and doses provided to patients decribed in a clinical study. (2 arms=2 experimental groups - one with drug one with placebo)
- 24Define: Clinical Study Reports, Single-Blind, Double-Blind, and Open Label StudiesClinical Study Reports: detailed summaries of a clinical study's design and results.
Single-Blind: Researchers do not inform participants whether they receive treatment or placebo. (though they describe what different treatments they had the potential to get for consent reasons)
Double-Blind: no one knows who got what (prevents bias)
Open-Label: everyone knows who got what (used for potentially deadly situations like cancer treatments). - 25Internal Validity External Validity Face Validity Construct Validity Preductive ValidityInternal: adequacy in controlling variables that my influence the dependent variable (any confounds?)
External: can it extend its findings beyond the study conditions (will it work outside of just these specific situations?)
Face: does it, at face value, seem to be measuring what its supposed to? (common sense)
Construct: how well the findings relate to the underlying theory of the study's objectives (testing the drug on people who actually have the disease rather than just animals)
Predictive: can the model predict treatment effects - 26The 3 Rs of Animal ResearchReplacement: can animals be replaced with something else?
Reduction: Minimal number of animals possible.
Refinement: minimize pain/distress for animals. - 27Why do we use Animal Models?Lack of alternatives: computers cant match the neccesary complexity yet. it would be unethical to test things that require changing cells/are very intrusive.
High predictive values: animal models are very good for this. - 28The biggets differneces between animal and human based research are:Informed Consent! Which is consent gained after being thuroughly informed of a study's procedures, possible gains and risks.
- 29Therapeutic Drug DevelopmentGovt/Academic work: Includes characterizing a disorders effects on the nervous system, or developing a theory about chemical structures that mimic chemicals in the nervous system.
Pharmaceutical Drug Research: has several stages. from identifying, synthesis, biological experimentation, screening, safety (ED TD tests) and clinical trials. - 30What is High-Thoughput screening?rapid testing process involving a large number of experimental drugs. they provide quick results and can determine whether the drugs appear to have the desired biological effect.
- 31Describe Clinical Trial Stages:Phase 1: determines a drugs most likely and frequent adverse effects (low dose, short term). normally healthy participants
Phase 2: determine theraputic effectiveness. (higher dose, short term) participants with disorder treated.
Phase 3: further theraputic effectiveness (longer term, dose determined by phase 2) participants with disorder but is more inclusive to populations with preexisting coniditons.
Phase 4: after FDA approval. adresses remaining questions. once again, dose depends on previous phases and given long term. participants have disorder. - 32What is a Clinical Trial?A government approved therapeutic drug experiment in human's drug development. multistep process, finding effective and safe drugs.