Flashcards
Patterns of migration
Cards in this deck (37)
- 1No. international migrants in world now vs 1960200 million
96 million - 2Push and pull factorsPull factors may be more significant - mainly economic
Migration Europe to North America - poverty e.g. Norway and Ireland to industrialising economy late 19th/ early 20th century
BUT not limite to poorest countries - rise and fall in immigration most closely linked to rise and fall in USA economy (growth of railroad network huge employment opportunities)
Intra-regional migration within Europe - not poorest that migrate - 3Impact of change over timeChanging significance of geographical differences e.g. drought (environmental shock) - new migration/ change
- 4Environmental changeClimate change related events may influence wider causes of migration
Sahel drought 1980s - couldn’t afford to migrate as lost income but rural-urban increased - 5Intervening obstaclesLee’s model of migration
Border control
Cost
Physical barriers
Economic change
Language
Culture
War - 6EU migration to UK1.1 million of 2.7 million residents in England born in EU countries from ones that joined after 2004 - peaked 2007
- 7EU expansion2004
UK didn’t set limits on migrants coming to work
Unexpected migration A8 countries - 8Migrants A8653,000 2004-11
Predicted 90,000
- no historical data
- little change after previous enlargements e.g. Spain and Portugal - 9UK net migrationPositive (decrease start of financial crisis 2008)
Majority migrants still from outside EU - 10Push and pull factorsEmployment
Poland high unemployment- helped reduce 19.4% 2004 10.7% 2012
Income
More opportunities and higher wages
Family + education - 11Long-term migrantSomeone who moves to a country for at least a year
- 12Short-term migrantMoves for at least 3 months but less than a year
- 13Largest net migration gain 2013 Italy and GermanyItaly 1.18 million
Migrant routes crossing Mediterranean Sea especially from Africa where there are high levels of poverty
Germany 466,254
Ageing population so open to migrants to fill working age population - 14Origin of migrants in UKIn commonwealth except USA
After WW2 labour shortage - 15Destination UK emigrantsEnglish speaking
Warmer climates
Economically developed - 16UK emigrants no 20135.1 million
Australia, USA, Canada, Spain, NZ ... - 17Reasons to emigrateEmployment opportunities (higher pay + less tax) - majority working age moving to economically developed countries as mainly high paid managerial jobs)
Retirement - high UK house price + warmer climate
Family reunification
Perceived more exciting way of life
Lower living cost
Escaping city life (rising crime rates)
Study opportunities - 18London immigrants36.2%
- 19Why London largest no of immigrantsLarge diversity so people feel they will fit in - cities originally where cheap housing was
History of migration so community networks (housing/ child care)
English widely spoken
World city seen as successful and influential around the world - perceived higher quality of life
Education - 20Changes foreign born population UKDoubled 1993-2013
2004 EU expansion - large no Eastern European economic migrants (ease of migration so short term) >> remittances (greater no male migrants - labour)
Decrease financial crisis 2008 (unemployment) - return migration as home countries minor economic decline
Greater no female migrants - less developed to become more independent and successful
Family reunification - 21% migrants femal in developed countries52% 2013
- 22UK unemployment rise5% 2007
8% 2009
Recession
Reduced job availability especially construction
Value of pound feel so remittances worth less - 23Fewer emigrantsSun seeker reduces
Spain/France smaller pension decline in exchange rate
Spain unemployment 20%
Falling property prices - 24Growing refugee population worldwideConflict
- 25Afghanistan, Somalia + Syria2013 produced 53% world’s refugee population
- 26Question TextAnswer Text
- 27Question TextAnswer Text
- 28Schengen AgreementFree movement within most of EU
UK opted out to maintain its own borders so makes migration harder - 29Germany largest amount EU migrants345,692 (2013)
- 30Estonia smallest amount EU migrants385
- 31Germany GDP3.5 trillion US$
- 32Estonia GDP23 billion US$
- 33Polish migration increase inflow after EU expansion61,000 2003 a year
Nearly 200,000 2007 a year - 34High unemployment PolandNearly 20% 2004
5% in UK - 35Minimum wage UKTwice as high and average polish earnings
- 36EducationNo of poles British universities tripled since 2004
- 37Inter-regional migrationMovement of people between different regions usually crossing a border
Normally long distances - complex and dangerous
Migrant welfare travelling overseas
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- - Geography (Migration ) Flashcards on Patterns of migration, created by Emily H on 17/10/2018.
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- Emily H
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