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Flashcards

Anatomy lecture objectives

Kasey Kent English 56 cards

Cards in this deck (56)

  1. 1Explain 3 principles of motor developmentCephalo- caudal
    Proximo distal
    stability before mobility
  2. 2Outline the key reflexes that precede voluntary movementOral reflexes
    Tactile based reflex
    Spinal reflexes (extremities into total flexion/extension)
    positive support
    ATNR (asymetrical tonic neck reflex)
    The Moro reflex
    parachute reaction
    Righting reactions
    Trunk righting reactions
  3. 3Outline the key motor milestones that develop in the first 12 monthsSitting
    pull to sit
    ventral suspension
    rolling
    crawling
    pull to stand
    walking
  4. 4Define motor learningIs the study of the acquisition and or modification of movement
  5. 5Identify the three stages of motor learningVerbal cognitive basics
    - requires high level attention
    Associative (motor learning)
    - trying out task components and associate them with success
    Automatic reduced attention less reliance on feed back
  6. 6Explain the importance of practice and feedback in learning motor skillsMassed practice or distributed practice and feedback is essential for learning to occur via intrinsic or extrinsic feedback
  7. 7Describe components of the peripheral nervous systemInclude spinal and cranial nerves
    - Nerve endings
    muscle spindles
    afferent and efferent
  8. 8Please identify spinal innervation levels for dermatomes.xx
  9. 9please identify spinal innervation level for important musclesxx
  10. 10How is the upper limb plexi formed and what is it called?Brachial plexus formed from C5-T1 and includes musculocutaneous nerve
    Radial nerve
    ulna nerve
    median nerve
  11. 11How is the lower limb plexi formed? and what is it called?The lumbosacral plexus running from L5 to S1 and includes the sciatic nerve and femoral nerve
  12. 12What are the structural components of the Spinal cord?- White matter (ascending and descending tracts run between brain and spinal cord)
    - Grey matter (cell bodies)
    Piamater- arachnoid mater- duramater
  13. 13What are the structural components of the brainstem?Medulla (vestibular nuclei)
    Pons
    Mid brain (red nucleus involved in motor functions)
    Substantia nigra connects to basal ganglia
  14. 14Proprioreception and light touch uses what tract and crosses where?uses the spino cerebellar tract crossing at the medulla
  15. 15Pain and light touch uses what ascending tract and crosses where?Spinothalamic tract and crosses at spinal level.
  16. 16Voluntary movement uses what descending tract and crosses where?Corticospinal tract with 90% crossing at pyramids in the medulla and 10%crossing at spinal level
  17. 17What descending tract does spinal motor activity and flexor tone use? Coming from and going to?Rubrospinal tract
    from red nuclei to the ventral horn
  18. 18Extensor tone uses what descending tract and crosses over where?Vestibulo spinal tract
    vestibular nuclei and decends ipslaterally
  19. 19Reflex movement (vision) uses what descending tract and goes from to where?tectospinal tract to ventral horn
  20. 20Why do we experience pain?We experience pain as a normal response to what your brain thinks is a theat
  21. 21What is the difference in acute and chronic pain?Acute pain is of sudden onset and is usually the result of a clearly defined cause such as an injury. Acute pain resolves with the healing of its underlying cause. Chronic pain persists for weeks or months and is usually associated with an underlying condition
  22. 22Describe the difference between tissue damage, nociception and pain.Nociception is the sensory nervous systems response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli. The amount of pain does not relate to the amount of tissue damage
  23. 23Differences between mechanical and chemical causes of pain?Different receptors
    different time frame
    different quality and behaviour of pain
  24. 24Describe the limbic system.The limbic system is a series of structures on the medial rim of the brain with complex connections playing a significant role in learning, memory and emotions
  25. 25What are the higher order functions in the cerebrum?Centered more in one hemisphere than the other
    - thinking
    - artistic and musical abilities
    - language comprehension
    - spatial orientation
  26. 26Explain signs and symptoms caused by focal cerebral lesionsMotor cortex - paralysis
    promoter cortex - apraxia
    frontal association cortex- personality and judgement
    brocas area- Expressive aphasia
  27. 27Describe age related changes to the nervous systemPNS
    Decrease in number of sensory receptors
    decrease in conduction speed of neurons
    CNS
    Accumulation of fatty plaques
    loss of volume
    loss of connection
  28. 28Describe healing of the nervous systemMost neural cells are post mitotic (as they age they dont replace)
    limited number of stem cells so they dont regenerate as efficiently
    CNS has less number of Stem cells (regenerative cells)
  29. 29Describe healing of the PNSAxons sprout
    schwann cells release trophic substances ( growth factor cells)
    growth cones search for molecular signals
    regrowth down neurolemma tube
    stem cells
  30. 30Describe healing of CNS`Regeneration is less positive due to
    glial scarring
    No trophic substances to promote growth
    no neurolemma tube
    few stem cells
  31. 31Define acquired brain injury?Any damage to the brain that occurs after birth
  32. 32describe the mechanisms of an ABISudden onset:
    - accident or trauma
    - stroke
    - infection
    Insidious onset
    - progressive neurological disease
    - alcohol and drug misuse
  33. 33What is TBI?Traumatic brain injury refers to any injury to the scalp, the brain or both that is sufficient in magnitude to interfere with normal function and to require treatment
    caused by an external force impinging the head and brain
  34. 34What are the causes of TBI?direct blows to the head or by the decelerating or accelerating of the brain
  35. 35In TBI one of the following 3 factors has occured- Loss of consciousness
    - amnesia of the event (loss of memory)
    - glascow coma scale below 15 in the first 24 hours of injury
  36. 36Describe some of the methods of predicting outcome post traumatic brain injury.Age
    motor response
    brain-stem function test
    presence of haematoma
    secondary insult
    intracranial pressure
    GOS (1-3) poor outcome
    GOS (4-5) favorable outcome
  37. 37Outline the cause of cerebral palsyCerebral/of the brain
    Palsy/ lack of muscle control
    causes are mostly unknown and usually arises from a series of causal pathways. E.g combination of events that lead to an injury in a babys developing brain.
    - stroke
  38. 38classification systems of CP inlcude..Impacts of movement
    - spacticity
    - dyskinesia (involuntary movement that you cant control)
    -ataxia
    PART OF THE BODY AFFECTED
    - hemiplegia
    - diplegia
    - quadriplegia
    LOCATION
    -Periventricular
    - Cortical
    - Pyramidal
    - extra pyramidal
  39. 39Describe various interventions for managing cerebral palsyMedications that reduce involuntary movements
    Botulinum toxin injected into muscles affected by spacticity
    Physiotherapy, OT and speech therapists
    prevent impairment
    develop functional skills
    communication
    FES
  40. 40What is the cause stroke?Refers to neurological symptoms or signs that result when blood supply to the brain is suddenly disrupted.
    The brain is highly vulnerable to disturbances in blood flow
  41. 41What are the symptoms of CVA?difficulty speaking or understanding numbness or paralysis in the face, leg, or arm, most likely on just one side of the body, blurred vision, headache, nausea, vomiting, or dizziness.
  42. 42What are the 2 different types of CVA?Haemorrhagic: (bleed in the brain)
    Ischaemic stroke (blocked artery)
  43. 43What are the 3 main causes of haemorrhagic stroke?Increased BP Weakening artery wall creating deep brain bleed
    Rupture of an aneurysm
    arteriovenous malfunction
  44. 44A feature of a haemorrhagic stroke is whtt?Subarachnoid hemorrhage which include a rupture of an aneurysm bleeding into subarachnoid space
  45. 45There are two types of ischemic stokes an embolic (CLOT) stroke and a thrombotic (BLOCKS) stroke. What are the most commonly affected arteries?Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
    Anterior cerebral artery ( ACA)
    Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
  46. 46What are the features of an ischemic stroke if the MCA is affected and cortical branched are invovled?contralateral hemiplegia
    contralateral hemi- anesthesia
    Aphasia
    neglect
  47. 47If MCA is affected and cortical branches are affected individually picture is less severe. How?You get wernickes aphasia with no limb weakness or sensory loss
  48. 48What are the features of ACA stroke?DISTAL OCCLUSION
    - contralateral lower limb weakness and sensory loss
    PROXIMAL OCCLUSION
    - Bilateral lower limb weakness, sensory loss and incontinence
    BILATERAL FRONTAL LOBE INFARCTION
    - deterioration at conscious level
  49. 49What are the features of a PCA stoke?Midbrain syndromes
    thalamic syndromes
    visual field loss
    difficulty with naming colours and objects
  50. 50What are clinical features of cerebellar stroke?Ataxia
    vertigo
    dizziness
    nystagmus
  51. 51What are the features of an inferior cerebellar artery stroke?Nausea and vomiting
    dysphagia
    dysarthria (trouble speaking)
    limb ataxia (loss of control of body movement)
    horizontal nystagmus
  52. 52What is the cause of parkinsons disease?Degeneration of the substantia nigra decreasing communication with basal ganglia (caudate and putamen) by decreasing release of NT dopamine.
    possible accumulation of defective proteins causing death of neurons.
  53. 53What are the nonmotor symptoms of parkinsons disease?Cognitive impairment (slow thought processing, thought rigidity, decreased memory, problem solving, planning and sequencing)
    diminished sense of smell
    low voice volume
    painful foot cramps
    insomnia
    weight loss
    constipation
    depression
    apathy
    anxiety
  54. 54What are motor symptoms of parkinsons disease?micrographia - (small handwriting)
    lack of facial expression
    tremor
    bradykinesia
    rigidity
    akinesia (difficulty initiating movement / freezing)
    shuffling gait
    hypokinesia ( decreased arm swing)
  55. 55Describe different therapeutic approaches to managing parkinsons disease?non curable
    symptomatic treatment includes pharmacological (aiming to increase dopamine through levadopa or dopamine agonists) and neurosurgery (in patients with good response to meds) and the management from a multidisciplinary health team such as psychologists, physiotherapists, speech pathologist, dietitian, OT ETC.
  56. 56—

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Flashcards on Anatomy lecture objectives, created by Kasey Kent on 23/10/2018.
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Kasey Kent
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