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Flashcards

GEOL

Rich Z English 80 cards

Cards in this deck (80)

  1. 1Three types of Heat Transfer MotionTranslation
    Rotation
    Vibration
  2. 2Thermal EnergySum of the kinetic energy of all the substance;s atms
  3. 3TemperatureAverage kinetic of atoms in the material
  4. 4HeatThermal energy transferred from one object to another
  5. 5Ways heat transfer takes place in the Earth SystemRadiation
    Conduction
    Convection
    Advection
  6. 6RadiationEnergy transferred by electromag waves
    Visible spectrum~0.5x10^-6
  7. 7Conductionno actual moving atoms, atoms within the material just vibrates
  8. 8ConvectionHotter atoms become more buoyant and moves up
  9. 9AdvectionHeat moves with a fluid, flowing through pores and cracks within a solid material
  10. 10How Earth's energy is transferredConduction from inner to outer core, convection from outer core to mantle. Conduction and convection at crust
  11. 11What powers earth's internal heat engine?1. The heat generated by accretion of planetesimals
    2. The heat generated by heat-producing impacts
    3. The heat generated by Radioactivity
  12. 12Decompression meltingLowering the pressure of the rocks intersected by the fracture or crack. The higher the pressure the higher the melting point
  13. 13Flux meltingIntroduction of fluids to rocks intersected by the crack of fracture. Wet rocks melt at lower temperature than dry rocks
  14. 14Igneous RocksAll rocks that were formed by the solidification of molten rock. Formed through crystallization. Happens deep in the crust or upper mantle. 700C - 1200C
  15. 15What is melt (magma or lava) made of?Si and O form the tetrahedron. Also Al, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Mg
  16. 16Wet melts include:Include up to 15% of dissolved volatiles like water, carbon dioxide, N2, H2, SO2
  17. 17Below Earth's surfaceMagma
    Slow cooling
    Coarse Grained
    Intrusive
    Plutonic
  18. 18Above Earth's surfaceLava
    Rapid cooling
    Fine grained
    Extrusive
    Volcanic
  19. 19Why are some Silicate minerals lighter in color and some darker in color?Lots of silica, small in Fe and Mg
    -> light color
    Small amounts of silica, lots of Fe and Mg
    -> dark color
  20. 20Density of continental crust, oceanic crust and upper mantleContinental crust: 2.7 g/cm^3
    Oceanic Crust 3.0 g/cm^3
    Upper Mantle 3.2 g/cm^3
  21. 21Examples of light color silicaQuartz
    K-Feldspar(Orthoclase)
    Plagioclase Feldspar
  22. 22Examples of dark color silicaOlivine
    Pyroxene
    Amphibole
  23. 23How do Igneous rocks differ from one another?Texture
    Silica content
    Relative proportions of silicate minerals
  24. 24Texturesize and shape of a rock's mineral crystals
  25. 25Volcanic (extrusive) rocks are:Fine-grained (finely crystalline), glassy (no crystal). Indicate rapid cooling
  26. 26Plutonic (intrusive) rocks are:coarse-grained. Indicate slow cooling
  27. 27Pegmatitecoarse grained igneous rock crystals of up to tens of centimeters across
  28. 28PorphyryPhenocrysts (large crystals) distributed through a glassy or fine gained matrix. Two-stage cooling
  29. 29Silica content: 4 major types and their percentages of silica to Mg and FeFelsic 70% coolest (650 C)
    Intermediate 55%
    Mafic 50%
    Ultramafic 40% hottest (1100+ C)
  30. 30Felsic Rocks haveMore silica, Na, K, Viscosity
    Less Ca, Mg, Fe, density, Temperature
  31. 31Example of Felsic rock (intrusive and extrusive)Granite (intrusive)
    Rhyolite (extrusive)
  32. 32What are Felsic Rocks made of35% orthoclase feldspar
    30% quarts
    15% plagioclase feldspar (Na-rich)
    10% muscovite biotite
    10% amphibole
  33. 33Example of Mafic rock (intrusive and extrusive)Gabbro (intrusive)
    Basalt (extrusive)
  34. 34What are Mafic rocks made ofa little of calcium rich plagioclase feldspare
    a looooooooot of pyroxene
  35. 35Example of UltraMafic rock (intrusive and extrusive)Peridotite (intrusive)
    Komatite (extrusive)
  36. 36Why is komatite (?)Komatite is very fluid, they dont exist on the surface of the earth anymore
  37. 37What are ultramafic rocks made ofa little of pyroxene
    aloooot of olivine
  38. 38Crystalization order High crystalization temp to low(7 things)1. Olivine (High crystalization temp)
    2. Pyroxene
    3. Amphibole
    4. Biotite (black mica)
    5. Orthoclase
    6. Muscovite (White mica)
    7. Quartz (Low crystlaization temp)
  39. 39Discontinuous vs continuous seriesDiscontinuous because it has different types of silicates
  40. 40Name a Calcium rich plagioclase FeldsparAnorthite
  41. 41Name a soldium rich plagioclase feldsparAlbite
  42. 42Name an Alkali FeldsparOrthoclase
  43. 43ObsidianRhyolite in composiion. Glassy texture: amorphous; no crystals. Rich in Magnesium and Iron. Iron oxide is what makes it dark
  44. 44Effusive Eruption(Mafic Fluid) 1000C An eruption dominated by the outpouring of lava
  45. 45Explosive Eruption(Felsic Viscous) 700-800C Violent fragmentation of magma
  46. 46PyroclastParticle ejected during eruption
  47. 47Pyroclastic DepositANy fag volcanic rock materials that are ejected into the air
  48. 48Pyroclasticsgeneral term for deposits of pyroclasts
  49. 49Flood Basalts (Mafic)Land or ocean floor covered with Mafic (basaltic Lava)
  50. 504 Locations of Flood BasaltsColumbia River Basalt 19-12 Ma
    Parana Traps, Brazil 140 Ma
    Siberian Traps, 250 Ma
    Decca Traps, India 65-55 Ma
  51. 51Pahoehoe (Mafic)Highly fluid lava spreads in sheets and thin glassy skin forms on surface. "Ropy"
  52. 52Aa (Mafic)Lava loses gases, becomes viscous and forms a thick skin. The thick skin breaks up into rough blocks
  53. 53Pillow Lavas (Mafic)Formed in underwater eruption
  54. 54Volcanic Ash vs Volcanic Tuff (Felsic)Volcanic Ash is in the air < 2mm in diameter
  55. 55Volcanic Bombs vs Volcanic Breccias(Felsic)Larger fragments bomb is in the air > 64mm, breccias is on the ground
  56. 56Name 4 Eruptive Styles1. Shield Volcanoes
    2. Volcanic Dome
    3. Cinder-Cone Volcanoes
    4. Composite Volcanoes
  57. 57Shield VolcanoesGently sloping cone
  58. 58Volcanic DomeFelsic Lavas, domes within the concave of a volcano
  59. 59Cinder-Cone VolcanoesWhen vents discharge, pyroclasts form cinder-cones (explosive only) Paricutin
  60. 60Composite VolcanoAlternation between lava and pyroclasts build a concave shaped composite volcano
  61. 61Pyroclastic FLowHot ash dust and gases are ejected in a flowing cloud that rolls down hill at speeds as high as 200km/hr
  62. 62Craterpits found at summit of volcanoes
  63. 63CalderasSteep walled basin shaped depression, much larger than craters
  64. 64Phreatic ExplosionsUnderwater explosions
  65. 65DiatremesVent gets filled with breccias, choked volcano
  66. 66LaharsWhen snow gets mixed with volcanic debris, very dangerous. Northwestern part of US
  67. 67Edifice CollapseBig piece of summit breaks off and creates a land slide
  68. 68Fumerolessmall vents where gases and fumes emit through
  69. 69Old Faithful in Yellowstone Park65minutes 60meters
  70. 70Hot SpringsCirculating ground water that reaches buried magma
  71. 71GeysersCirculating ground water that reaches buried magma
  72. 72Volcanic GasesH2O, CO2, SO2, HCL
  73. 73What to look for when monitoring volcanoesHydrothermal features
    Rapid uplift and subsidence of ground
    Earthquakes
  74. 74Cascade VolcanoesMt s-Helens, Felsic, lava, low T, high Si, viscous, light colored rocks
  75. 75Name yellowstone Eruptions (3)Huckleberry Ridge 2.1 Million years ago
    Mesa Fall 1.3 million years ago
    Lava Creek 640,000 years ago
  76. 76Long Valley CalderaBishop Tuff 767,000 years ago
  77. 77PumiceGas in melt increases in volume as pressure decreases, making melt more buoyant.
  78. 78Felsic LavasRhyolitic, light in color, lower melting point erupts at 800-1000C, very viscous, 10 times lower than basaltic lava
  79. 79Intermediate LavasAndesitic Lavs, properties that fall between basaltic and rhyolitic lavas
  80. 80Viscosity depends on (3 things)Silica content
    Temperature
    Volatile Content

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Flashcards on GEOL, created by Rich Z on 23/10/2018.
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Rich Z
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