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Flashcards

PSYC 2480 Ch. 7

Chantal Delaquis Fall 2018 English 64 cards

Cards in this deck (64)

  1. 1Time spacesvisual experience of time units such as days, weeks, or months as occupying physical spaces outside the body
  2. 2Number formsautomatically generated images of numbers in various spatial layouts external to the individual
  3. 3Paivio's dual coding theory:there are two ways of representing events: verbal and non verbal, with to without words
  4. 4Logogensunits containing the information underlying out use of the components of the verbal system
  5. 5How do logogens operate?sequentially; when listening to a sentence, words are not all present at the same time, but come one after the other in a sequence
  6. 6Imagens:units containing information that generate mental images; components of the nonverbal system
  7. 7How do imagens operateoperate synchronously; a variety of mental images can be generated
    imagining a group of people, then one person, then their face, features....
  8. 8How can one system give rise to the other?the two systems are linked by referential connections
    ex: describing you dining room table - even when you're not there, you can experience a mental image and describe that image (verbal and non verbal)
  9. 9referential connections:a verbal description of some than can provoke an image of it and vice versa
  10. 10How does Paivio describe imagery?the ease at which something such as a word can elicit an image; words with a high degree of imagery tend to be more concrete (as opposed to abstract)
  11. 11Concreteness:the degree to which a word refers to something that can be experienced by the senses; imagery and concreteness are found to be highly correlated
  12. 12What did Paivio argue about imagery and concreteness?they measure two aspects of the same process because our experience of concrete events are saturated with images
  13. 13Describe the imagery and the paired associate learning task:4 groups were given 16 pairs of words, each with a different stimulus repose pair (both abstract or concrete, or both either first or last)
    Listened to the first word (cue) and then named the second
  14. 14What were the results of the paired associate learning task? What is a possible explanation for this?learning was best when both words were concrete, and worst when both were abstract
    a concrete word can be coded both verbally and nonverbally, whereas abstract words are more likely to be coded verbally because there are no concrete images associated with them, therefore concrete words are more easily available and serve as better cues
  15. 15Left-right hemisphere theory:theory that the left hemisphere controls speech and verbal processing, and the right is nonverbal processing
  16. 16What are some challenges to the left-right hemisphere theory:too simplistic; challenged by fMRI work by Fiebach and Friederici
    participants presented with concrete, abstract and pseudo words and then completed lexical decision task
    they found that abstract and concrete words elicit different patterns of activity in the left hemisphere, but there was no observed right hemisphere activation
  17. 17Mnemonic techniqueprocedures used to aid in memory
  18. 18Method of Loci:(Yates) mnemonic techniques based on places and images
    - establish a cognitive map and place image representations, therefore, recalling them is a matter of strolling through the location and collecting images
  19. 19Which types of images are best for the method of Loci? Give an exampledistinctive, bizarre images are best
    ex: mental shopping list for milk and bread
    almond tree dripping in the kitchen and a loaf of bread tucked in bed
  20. 20Distinctiveness hypothesis:the more distinctive an item, the easier it is to recall; people tend to remember bizarre items when they occur along with more common ones
  21. 21Von Restorff effect:if one item in a set is different from the others, it is more likely to be recalled; being different is a relative, not absolute property
    ex: cat, dog, sheep, octopus, cow
    octopus stands out as distinct
  22. 22What has a similar effect to distinctiveness?humour, but it is only memorable when contrasted with non humorous items
  23. 23What are some problems with distinctiveness?not an effective aid for remembering the association between items; no matter how memorable we think a location is, we tend to forget it is it is unlikely
  24. 24Metamemory failure:relying solely on distinctiveness as a memory aid; to retrieve it, you need to remember the location, but the stored object is not an effective cue for remembering the location, and the distinctiveness is irrelevant to the remembering process
  25. 25How does the special places method differ from the method of Loci?special places process of recall has to go from object to location, and there is usually no imaginative relation between the two, whereas the method of Loci begins with the set of places, then store items by forming imaginative relationships between the two
  26. 26Meta memorybeliefs about how memory works
  27. 27Synesthesia:a condition in which the stimulus that is appropriate for one sense triggers an experience appropriate for another sense
  28. 28Chromesthesiacoloured hearing
  29. 29Inducercue that elicits a synthetic response
  30. 30Concurrentsynesthetic response itself
  31. 31How many people do we estimate are synesthetes?1/200
  32. 32One theory of synesthesia is that it reveals the underlying unity of the senses; describe how this is possiblethe five senses evolved from one primordial sense, and there is a lack of differentiation of inborn connections in the brain
    transient connections are temporary and usually pruned away (apoptosis) but adult synesthesia could be due to failed apoptosis
  33. 33How can synesthetic processes be elected by concepts as well as percepts?thinking of the number 7 vs seeing it on a page/hearing it
    suggests that there is more than just cross activation in sensory areas; could be the outcome of a conceptual process that does not rely on senses
  34. 34How did Martino and Marks distinguish between strong and weak syntesthetes?strong syntesthetes: people for whom an inducer produces an image in another sensory modality (7 = purple)
    weak syntesthetes: people who can appreciate cross modal association without having strong synesthetic experiences (can appreciate the sensation)
  35. 35What did Eagleman hypothesize about synesthesia?result of lack of inhibition (like when people see a colour when there is a surprising noise (decays rapidly)
  36. 36Icon:an initial, brief representation of the information contained in a visual stimulus (decays rapidly)
  37. 37Eidetic imagery:images projected onto the external world that persist for a minute or more without rehearsal, even after the stimulus is removed; no mnemonics needed; but it is not a flawless process
  38. 38Cognitive dedifferentiation:fusion of perceptual processes that typically function independently
  39. 39How do synesthesia and eidetic imagery both make use of dedifferentiation?synesthesia entails dedifferentiation of sensory models
    eidetic imagery entails dedifferentiation of imagery and perception
  40. 40What is the difference between an eidetic memory and a photographic memory?photographic memory implies photos; test is to read things backwards from the bottom of a page to the top; should be bale to if it's a photo
    'Elizabeth' is the only example of a photographic memory studied
  41. 41What did Halzer say about eidetic imagery?not the same as a vivid mental image; the image is perceived as being external, rather than in the mind
    image can be scanned and part described; and is quicker and more assured than other memory reports
    more common in children than adults
  42. 42Vividness of visual imagerythe degree to which an image is clear and lively, and resembles an actual percept; eidetic memory is considered an extraordinary form of imagery
  43. 43How do we measure vividness of visual imagery?VVIQ (vividness of imagery questionnaire)
    clarity, liveliness, and similarity to actual percept
    participants rate vividness of scenes/people
    - not shown to be a predictor of superior memory performance
  44. 44Baddeley and Andrade speculate what in terms of vividness of imagery? What did they find was more accurate in their study?proportional to familiarity with the object of envisionment
    - richness and accuracy of memory
    high degree of vividness (low VVIQ score) was more accurate on incongruent totals than congruent ones
  45. 45How did Shepard and Metzlet study the dynamic nature of mental images?participants presented with 1600 pairs of line drawings
    half showed the same objects and half showed different ones from different angles
    had to determine whether two objects were the same using angular rotation
    measured reaction time
    - found that the greater the angular rotation required, the longer it takes the participant to decide
  46. 46Mental rotation:imagining an object in motion and viewing it from different perspectives (average of 60 degrees per second)
    it is a on linguistic process that may be located in the right hemisphere (no definitive evidence)
  47. 47Where does mental folding occur in the brain?both hemispheres; appears to be right for simple, and left for complex
  48. 48How did Kosslyn study imagery and perception with mental image scanning?memorize an island map with 7 distinct landmarks; different distances between landmarks caused people to take longer to scan
  49. 49Objective distancestrue distances b/w objects in the real world are preserved in our mental images
  50. 50Categorical distance:the number of units traversed during mental scanning
  51. 51What did Kosslyn's study suggest about images?that they may be structured hierarchically with objective distances nestled between categorical distances
  52. 52What did Farah (and Neisser) mean by 'images as anticipations?'hypothesis that an image is a readiness to perceive something
  53. 53Describe the grid task and how imagery affected it?grid with a letter coloured in, then the letter will disappear and a black dot will appear on a square in the grid - participant must determine if the dot was in the letter or not
    imagery lowers the participant's criterion for detecting a stimulus; very accurate as they are better prepared to pick up stimuli when they fall within area of projected image
  54. 54What were Neisser's three points concerning imagery and perception as the readiness to perceive something?pick up images that we anticipate more than those we don't
    imagery is an active process that prepares you to receive information
    perception and imagery must share many of the same mechanisms
  55. 55How did Chambers and Reisberg study ambiguous images?presented participants with an ambiguous duck/rabbit image and a chef/dog image
    Participants were able to draw the duck/rabbit from memory but couldn't reverse it the same was as the chef/dog by looking at different vantage points
  56. 56What are the three possible explanations for the discrepancy between perception and drawing of the chef/dog and duck/rabbit images?-difficulty translating images to arm mvmd
    - not trying to draw the image, but trying to draw the image as we know it really is, which ends up distorting it
    - attempting to draw part of the scene form different vantage points (no consistency POV)
  57. 57Emergent property:new properties that emerge when a mental image is constructed; new images can be formed with more than what simply goes into the construction of the image 0 mental rotation can lead to a new interpretation
  58. 58Analog form of representation hypothesis:a mental image embodies the essential relationship of the thing it represents
    ex: measuring distance with a stick; a stick is an analogue of distance
  59. 59egocentric perspective transformationsimagining yourself in movement while the objects in your environment remain still
  60. 60spatial frameworkan imaginary space with one vertical and two horizontal dimensions
    horizontal rotations take longer than vertical ones, as we are normally upright
  61. 61Propositional knowledge hypothesis:knowledge about the world is represented and stored in the form of propositions
  62. 62What do we mean when we say that images are epiphenomenala by-product of mental functioning; not an essential aspect of the mind's functioning
  63. 63What is a cognitive map?information from the environment that is worked over and elaborated into a tentative cognitive map, indicated routes, pathways and environmental relationships, and determines out behaviour
  64. 64How have cognitive maps been linked to hippocampal activity?London taxi drivers shown to have a larger posterior hippocampus that increased proportional to the number of years working (2 years of training)

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Fall 2018 Flashcards on PSYC 2480 Ch. 7, created by Chantal Delaquis on 30/10/2018.
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