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Flashcards

Psycho Test 3 Chap 9-10

Camille Houde cegep English 48 cards

Cards in this deck (48)

  1. 1What is classical conditioning (IMP)A kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus
  2. 2What is learning? (IMP)An enduring or permanent change in behavior resulting from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses
  3. 3What is Operant conditioning? (IMP)Learning in which the consequences that follow some behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behaviors's occurence in the future
  4. 4What is cognitive learning? (IMP)Learning that involves mental processes such as attention and memory
  5. 5Classical conditioning started with?Ivon Pavolv
  6. 6Name the parts of classical conditioningNS: neutral stimulus (before conditioning), stimulus causing sensory response that is not the one tested
    CS: conditioned stimulus (after conditioning), a neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
    UCS: unconditioned stimulus (before and after conditioning), stimulus that triggers reflex
    UCR: unconditioned response (before conditioning), unlearned and innate reflex elicited by UCS
    CR: conditioned response (after conditioning), elicited by the conditioned stimulus, is similar to, but not identical to the unconditioned response
  7. 7Name and explain the 3 steps of classical conditioning1. Stimulus and response:
    NS, UCS, UCR
    2. Establishing classical conditioning:
    Present the NS and the UCS to later on create conditioning
    3. Testing for conditioning, if CS and CR are created without UCS
  8. 8What is generalization? With an exampleA tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
    Ex: similar odor
  9. 9What is discrimination? with an exampleIt occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not others
    ex: discriminating a certain type of food
  10. 10What is extinction? give an examplea procedure in which conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus and, as a result the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response
    ex: stop having food when ringing the bell
  11. 11What is spontaneous recovery? give an exampleThe tendency for the conditioned response to reappear after being extinguished even though there have been no further conditioning trials
    ex: if carla were to run into her dentist, conditioning may reappear
  12. 12What is an adaptive value? Name and explain and exampleThe usefulness of certain abilities or traits that have evolved in animals and humans and tend to increase their chances of survival
    -Taste aversion: association a particular sensory cue with getting sick and thereafter avoiding that sensory cue
  13. 13What are the explanations for taste aversionIt can happen only one time, it can happen with hours cutting them apart, and bc of preparedness (biologically prepared to): animals and humans are biologically prepared to associate some combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others
  14. 14Why salivating is an adaptative value?it lubricates the mouth and make chewing easier
  15. 15What is a conditioned emotional response? give an examplefeeling some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event
    ex: at first seeing needle is okay but then it causes pain and fear so from now on causes fear
  16. 16Why a conditioned emotional response is a survival value?negative emotions will then be avoided for survival
  17. 17Is conditioned emotional response controlled by the brain?Parts of the brain creates emotions so yes
  18. 18Name and explain theories that states classical conditioning as wrongContiguity/Substitution Theory:
    classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are paired close together in time, may be substitution
    Cognitive Perspective:
    an organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one predicts the other
  19. 19What is behaviorism?emphasized the study of observable behaviors and the rejection of unobservable mental or cognitive events
  20. 20Explains the experiment made by WatsonAssociated rat with loud noise for young children and claimed that it is all a matter of ASSOCIATION
  21. 21What is the influence of culture on conditioning?if for example dental care is free, visit are more often so not because of pain
    If it is not free, then it will always be in case of big pain
  22. 22What is systematic desensitization?a procedure to “uncondition”, or overcome, fearful stimuli by pairing anxiety-provoking thoughts or images with feelings of relaxatio
    - based on classical conditioning
  23. 23Name the three steps of unconditioning1. Learning to relax
    2. Making an anxiety hierarchy
    3. Imagining and relaxing
  24. 24Describes Thorndike’s Law of Effectbehaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened
  25. 25Describes BF Skinner experiment- He tested operant conditioning
    - rewarded rat with food when they pressed the bar
  26. 26Classical vs operantWas once a neutral stimulus but then associated with something
    vs
    consequences that follow behavior
  27. 27Name and explain the factors that are involved in operantly conditioning a rat1-The rat is not fed
    2- Goal is to condition the rat to press the bar
    3- Shaping needs to occur: a procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforces behaviors that lead up to the desired behavior
  28. 28What is a superstitious behavior?An accidental pairing of a behavior and consequence, when an experimenter makes a mistake
  29. 29Name examples of learned operant conditioning that people don't even realized (include parts of toilet training)Not going through red light
    studying = get good grades
    Toilet training:
    Target= urinate in toilet
    Preparation= put toys away so not be distracted
    Reinforcers: praise, hug, candy. Have to reinforce immediately
    Shaping: reinforce anything that leads to the target behaviour
  30. 30Differentiate these types of consequences: Reinforcement vs PunishmentOccurs after a behaviour and increases the chance that the behaviour will occur again
    vs
    Occurs after a behaviour and decreases the chance that the behaviour will occur again
  31. 31Name and explain the two types of reinforcementPositive reinforcement: the presentation of a stimulus that increases the probability that a behaviour will occur again.
    ex: receive $ when asked
    Negative Reinforcement: refers to an unpleasant stimulus whose removal increases the likelihood that the preceding response will occur again.
    ex: stopping alarm clock = stop annoying sound
  32. 32Name and explain the two types of reinforcerPrimary reinforcer: a stimulus, such as food, water, or sex, that is innately satisfying and requires no learning to become pleasurable.
    Secondary reinforcer: any stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing power through experience.
  33. 33Name and explain the two types of punishmentPositive punishment: presenting an aversive stimulus after a response.
    ex: spanking, can not, gives
    Negative punishment refers to removing a reinforcement after a response.
    ex: removing allowance, removing (taking away), pay
  34. 34What is a schedule reinforcement?A program or rule that determines how and when the occurrence of a response will be followed by a reinforcer
    ex: on 3rd or 4th try get $$, scheduled the win (casino)
  35. 35Name the two types of schedule reinforcementContinuous reinforcement: every occurrence of the response results in delivery of the reinforcer
    Partial reinforcement: situation in which responding is reinforced only some of the time
  36. 36What are the 4 types of of partial reinforcement?Fixed-Ratio Schedule: reinforce after a fixed number of responses
    Variable-Ratio Schedule: reinforce after a non-specified number of correct responses
    Fixed-Interval Schedule: reinforce after a fixed interval of time
    Variable-Interval Schedule: Reinforce after a non-specified amount of time
  37. 37How can learning occur for cognitive learning?Imitation
    Observation
  38. 38Name who is against cognitive learning and why are they?BF Skinner
    “As far as I’m concerned, cognitive science is the of psychology.”
  39. 39Name who are for cognitive learning and why are they?Edward Tolman:
    Cognitive Map, map of the brain
    Albert Bandura:
    Social Cognitive Learning results from watching, imitating, and modeling (observational learning) and does not require the observer to perform any observable behaviour or receive any observable reward.
  40. 40What is Bandora bobo doll experiment?Preschool students on one side of the room and an adult model on the other. Adult model started kicking the doll. After the kids were given a frustrating situation and then placed in another room with bobo. The kids imitated the adult.
  41. 41What is insight learning?A mental process marked by the sudden and expected solution to a problem: a phenomenon often called the “ah-ha familiprix!” experience.
  42. 42What are biological factors?Innate tendencies or predispositions that may either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds of learning
    some finding it easier to learn some kind of things
  43. 43Can classical conditioning be done in one trial?Yes, an example of it would be taste aversion
  44. 44Compare classical conditioning and operant conditioning based on goal, voluntary/involuntary response, emitted/elicited response, how the reponse is happening (willingness vs trials), and the results (consequences vs expectancy)Operant vs Classical
    1. increase/decrease the likelihood vs create a new response to a NS
    2. voluntary response (do it by himself to get reward) vs involuntary (reflexes)
    3. emitted response (create desired response) vs elicited response (generates a certain response)
    4. depends on the willingness to perform the behavior vs requires several trial in general to perform behavior
    5. depends on the consequences (both + and -) vs expects that NS is followed by UCS so expectations
  45. 45What is Pica?A behavioral disorder that involves the eating of inedible objects or unhealthy substances, which can lead to serious physical problems
  46. 46What is a cumulative record?A continuous written record that shows an animal's or a human's individual responses and reinforcements
  47. 47What is a discriminative stimulus?A cue that the behavior will be reinforced
  48. 48What is learning-performance distinction?learning may occur but may not always be measured by performance

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cegep Flashcards on Psycho Test 3 Chap 9-10, created by Camille Houde on 04/11/2018.
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