Flashcards
Pragmatics
Cards in this deck (85)
- 1Typesof meaningsReferential, action, interpersonal
- 2What are means and what do they do?They are used to get a meaning (language, images, sound). They are multifaceted and co-occurring.
- 3Modes of communicationHow means of communication are used: language = talking, sound = music.
- 4Theory of Charles PeirceSigns derive their meaning from the way they relate to their referent (iconic/symbolic/indexical).
- 5Iconic signIt resembles something - they actually look what they represent.
- 6Symbolic signStates an agreement - must be culturally learned, because they do not look like what they represent.
- 7Indexical signPoints at its intended meaning - they have a connection to what it represents.
- 8Theory of Ferdinand de SaussureSigns derive meanings for their relation to other signs (syntagmatic/paradigmatic). Linguistic signs have an arbitrary relation to their meaning.
- 9Syntagmatic signBetween signs of different types (different types of words): 'the', 'man', 'cries'
- 10Paradigmatic signBetween signs of the same type: 'dies', 'lies', 'cries'.
- 11Arbitrary relation to meaningDog, hond. Same meaning, different language.
- 12Performatives (Austin)Verbs produced in the first person singular. It is an action-performance utterance and neither true or false.
- 13Felicity conditions of performatives (Austin)It must have/be: 1. Conventional effect, appropriate circumstances, 2. correctly and completely, 3. requisite thoughts/feelings/intentions.
- 14MisfiresWhen felicity conditions 1 and 2 are not met.
- 15AbusesWhen felicity condition 3 is not achieved.
- 16Constatives (Austin)Statement-making utterances, can be either true or false. Also affected by felicity conditions.
- 17Locutionary actSaying something in the normal sense.
- 18Illocutionary actDoing something in saying something (accusing, promising, warning, etc.).
- 19Perlocutionary actA result of the illocutionary act. It produces an effect on the addressee and it has a behavioral/psychological consequence.
- 20Searle's Speech Act TheoryStudent of Austin. Basic unit of human linguistics is the illocutionary act.
- 21Proposition (Searle)Common content of the act of reference and prediction (illocutionary acts have propositional content).
- 22Felicity conditions (Searle)1. Propositional condition: what the speech act is about
2. Preparatory condition: necessary requirements
3. Sincerity condition: attitude of speaker, 4. essential condition: what kind of illocutionary act is intended. - 23Kinds of performatives (Austin)1. Explicit (with performative verb),
2. Primary (without) - 243 most important dimensions of variations in which Illocutionary acts differ from each other (Searle)1. Illocutionary point: the action you want the hearer to do is the same but the way it is brought and the force is different (indirect/request vs. command)
2. Direction of fit: word-to-world/world-to words
3. The expressed psychological state: it determines the meaning of the utterance. - 25Illocutionary forceCauses certain effects, if effect is achieved, the act succeeds.
- 26Classes of Illocutionary force1. First class: achievement of main effect of act (uptake)
2. Second class: changes the normal course of life (conventional effect)
3. Third class: invites a response/sequel - reaction. - 27Basic categories of illocutionary acts (Searle's taxonomy)1. Representative: true, words-to-world, belief
3. Directives: attempt to do for hearer, world-to-words, want
3. Commissives: speakers act in the future, world-to-words, intention
4. Expressives: psychological state
5. Declarations: changing world with utterance, world-to-word and word-to-world - 28Theory of Pieter SeurenPrimary function of language is socially binding.
- 29Effective speech (Seuren)1. Performed in a valid way (semantic)
2. Supported by social competence (semantic + pragmatic) - 30Theory of GriceHow speakers assign meanings to utterances.
- 31Four Maxims1. Quantity: not too much/less
2. Quality: truthful
3. Relation: relevance
4. Manner: how what is said - 32Violation of MaximsSpeakers intentionally refrain to apply maxims - misleading.
- 33Flouting of MaximsThe speaker is still co-operating but responding different using metaphors, or sarcasm.
- 34ImplicatureWhat is meant with an utterance but said differently (indirect speech).
- 35Five properties of implicatures1. Cancellable: cancelling the utterance and saying what you actually meant
2. Non-detachable: the implicature can be said in different ways without losing its meaning
3. Calculable: need shared knowledge and understanding
4. Non-conventional: meaning of the words is not the actual dictionary meaning
4. Not determinable: not one meaning in an implicature. - 36Picture theory of language (Russell)Language as a means to describe the world.
- 37GWords name things and are pictured to state something about the reality (table you can carry to show, love you cannot carry).
- 38AugustineUttering to something you can point to. Hard to distinguish what you actually point to (table or wood?)
- 39Analytic Philosophy (Russell & Wittgenstein)Language concerned with logic and truth. They say that natural language is imprecise, they want to untangle the mess of everyday language.
- 40Syllogisms (Russell & Wittgenstein)Start with true premisses and hence end with a true conclusion (only 24 valid).
- 41ParadoxesNeither true or false - uttering two propositions in one utterance (the present king of France is bald).
- 42Four types of deixis - kinds of pointing (Buhler)1. Personal: distinct among speakers
2. Social: social relationship with each other
3. Temporal: point in time
4. Spatial: location pointing - 43Discourse deixis types - modes of pointing (Buhler)1. Situative: direct space (this table)
2. Imagnitive: imagned situation
3. Anaphora: reference to already introduced referents
4. Cataphora: reversal of anaphora - 44Three systems of spatial deixis1. Relative: on the basis of position and orientation of speaker
2. Absolute: absolute concepts of direction
3. Intrinsic: intrinsic features of a person/object - anchor - 45Kinds of means of spatial deictic reference1. Prepositions: at, in
2. Locatives: here, there
3. Directionals: into, upwards
4. Motion verbs: to come, to go
5. Presentatives: voila, here is
6. Demonstratives: this, that - 46Two types of deictic usage1. Gestural
2. Symbolic - 473 types of Demonstrative Gestures (Wundt)1. Imitative gestures
2. Connovative gestures
3. Symbolic gestures - 48Four subtypes of gestures1. Depictive gestures: represent concrete entities/actions that happens in speech.
2. Metaphoric: picturing imaginative abstract content
3. Deictic gestures: point to referents of speech
Beats: bend hand up and down with speech - 49Co-thoughts gesture and Co-speech gestureCo-thought: hand movements produced in silent situations just for the speaker himself.
Co-speech: strong social component. - 50Cross-cultural variations of gestures - 4 factors (Kita)1. Culture specific conventions for form-meaning associations
2. Culture specific spatial cognition
3. Linguistic differences
4. Culture-specific gestural pragmatics - 51Turn-constructional Units (TCU)Melody in how we talk.
- 52Tomasello's 3 basic activities of language1. Requesting
2. Informing
3. Sharing - 53Universal categories (6) of emotion (Darwin, Ekman)Happiness, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise.
- 54Proxemics (Hall)Use of space between others - out-of-awareness distance.
- 55KinesicsCommunicative body motion behavior with which we control our territory - giving access to people and then start a conversation.
- 56Four basic interaction strategies of Ritual Communication (Eibl-Eibesfeldt)1. Group maintenance & bonding
2. Social learning and teaching
3. Rank-striving
4. Fighting - 57Interaction Engine (Levinson)The roots of human sociality lie in a special capacity for social interaction. The engine makes it possible to interpret and predict the behaviour of others.
- 58Magical formula (Malinowski)The use of words which involve, state or command the desired aim.
- 59Phatic Communion (Malinowski)Type of speech with mere exchange of words. It has a social function.
- 60Two social functions of Phatic Communion (Malinowski) + third of Laver1. Defuse hostility of silence.
2. Cooperate in comfortable interaction.
(3. Allow participants to reveal their perception and social status.) - 61Tokens of Phatic Communion (Laver)The token choice establishes the interpersonal relationship.
1. Neutral: description ('nice weather')
2. Self-oriented: declarative statement
3. Other-oriented: questions - 62Sapir statementLanguage is a guide to social reality. Different languages make different social constructions.
- 63Whorf statementThe linguistic system in our minds organizes our impressions.
- 64Sapir-Whorf hypothesisWeak hypothesis: language influences thought - one's language determines how one must conceptualize reality.
- 65Ethnography of speaking (Hymes)The meaning of an utterance can only be understood in relation to the speech event in which it is embedded.
- 66Components of speech-styles (SPEAKING) (Hymes)S: situative
P: participants
E: ends
A: act sequence
K: key (how its said)
I: instrumentalities
N: norms
G: genres - 67Emic approach vs. Etic approachEmic: internal - what has meaning for one.
Etic: external - think what is best for the other (analytical) - 68ContextContext is produced by its sign - information outside the sign that we assume to be relevant (age, gender)
- 69Social Interaction Order (Goffman)Social interaction guided by normative rights and obligations - how people mutually present to one another.
- 70Civil Inattention (Goffman)People mutually coordinate behavior - do not show another you are afraid.
- 71Social Situation (Goffman)People are co-present with each other for F2F conversations.
- 72Focused vs. Unfocused fatheringFocused: people agree to focus on cognitive and visual attention.
Unfocused: interaction by being together without the intention (pedestrians). - 73How participants provide information1. Give it
2. Give it off - 74FACE (Malinowski)Your own view of the situation. The positive value a person claims for him/herself by the line other assume has taken in a particular context.
- 75SELF (Malinowski)A social product that depends upon validation of individuals performances in social situation. It is an object of social ritual, but you are able to manipulate the social situations. It is a mask you wear in social situation, but you decide which mask to wear.
- 76Moments of Talk - HearerRatified participants: addresses verbally and visually by the speaker
Unratified participants: bystanders - 77Moments of Talk - Speaker1. Animator: the one who talks
2. Author: the one who comes up with it
3. Principal: the one responsible for the idea - 78Ethnomethodology (Garfinkel)How members produce stable, accountable, practical activities - social order (same interpretation - commonsense).
- 79Four studies of Garfinkel on Ethnomethodology1. Procedures
2. Common conversation
3. Breaching experiments
4. Student counseling - 80Three fundamental contributions to Social Interaction1. Focus on practical commonsense knowledge
2. Constitutive role of cognition (shared understanding)
3. Meaningful social settings - 81Conversation Analysis (Sacks)Insight in manner of thought without looking inside the brains.
- 829 features of conversations (Sacks)1. Number of speakers
2. One party speaks at a time
3. Speakers try to avoid overlap and minimize gaps
4. Turn order/size vary
5. Conversation is not specified in advance
6. Talk can be continuous/discontinuous
7. Speakers use Turn-Allocation Techniques (TAT)
8. Meaningful ends: Turn-Constitutional Units (TCU) (melody) - these ends are Turn-Completion Points (TCP) and Transition-Relevance Places (TRP)
9. Problems are repaired by interactants - 83Floor-Transfer-Offset (FTO) (Sacks)The gap between two turns. Can be derived from people who do not wait for their turn but anticipate on it.
- 84Two anticipation strategies (Sacks)1. Leixicosyntactic cues: the words used ('thats it')
2. Prosodic features: the intonation and melody of the utterance - 85Two types of answers (Sacks)1. Preferred: express agreement, quickly
2. Dispreferred: disagreement, delay
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- Pragmatics Flashcards on Pragmatics, created by S. Klein on 05/11/2018.
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- S. Klein
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