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Flashcards

Physics Topic 2

Harry Smith Physics GCSE English 69 cards

Physics Topic 2

Cards in this deck (69)

  1. 1Label a Wave.Enter text here...Label a Wave.
  2. 2When waves travel through a medium what happens?The particles vibrate and transfer energy and information between each other. But overall, the particles stay in the same place
  3. 3What is the amplitude of a wave?The displacement from the rest position to a crest or trough
  4. 4What is the wavelength of a wave?The length of a full cycle of a wave
  5. 5What is the frequency of a wave?The number of complete cycles of the wave passing a certain point per second
  6. 6What is the period of a wave?The number of seconds it takes for one full cycle
  7. 7Equation to work out the period of a wavePeriod = 1 / Frequency
  8. 8What type of vibrations do transverse waves have?Perpendicular / Sideways
  9. 9Examples of Transverse wavesAll electromagnetic waves
    S-Waves
    Ripples and waves in water
  10. 10What type of vibrations do longitudinal waves have?Parallel
    They are parallel to the direction in which the waves travel
  11. 11Example of a longitudinal waveP-waves
  12. 12Longitudinal waves do what when they pass through the mediumSquash up and stretch out the arrangement of particles.
  13. 13What is wave speed?Tells you how quickly a wave moves through space
  14. 14Equation to work out wave speedWave speed = distance / time
  15. 15Another equation to work out wave speedWave speed = frequency x wavelength
  16. 16What do you use to measure the speed of a sound?An oscilloscope
  17. 17How do you use an oscilloscope to measure the speed of sound?- Set up the oscilloscope so detected waves at each microphone are shown as separate waves
    - Start with both microscopes next to the speaker then slowly move away until two waves are aligned on the display but have moved exactly one wavelength away
    - Measure the distance between the microphones to find out the wavelength
    - You can then use the formula speed = frequency x wavelength.
  18. 18How do you measure the speed of water ripples?Using a strobe light
  19. 19How do you measure the speed of water ripples using a strobe light?- using a signal generator attached to the dipper of a ripple tank can create water waves at a set frequency
    - Dim the lights and turn on strobe light
    - Freeze the screen and count how many shadows appear.
    - Work our the average wavelength
    - use Frequency x wavelength to work out the speed of the waves
  20. 20What do you use to find the speed of waves in solids?Peak Frequency
  21. 21What happens to waves when they try to cross a boundary?Absorbed
    Transmitted
    Reflected
  22. 22How is the wave absorbed?The wave transfers energy to the material’s energy stores. Often the energy is transferred to a thermal energy store which leads to heating
  23. 23How is a wave transmitted?The wave carries on travelling through the new material. This often leads to refraction. This can be used in communications as well as in the lenses of glasses and cameras
  24. 24How is a wave reflected?This is where the incoming ray is neither absorbed or transmitted but instead is ‘sent back’ away from the second material. This is how echoes are created
  25. 25How does sound travel?As a wave
  26. 26How are sound waves caused?By vibrating objects
  27. 27How are the vibrations passed?Through the surrounding medium as a series of compassions and rarefactions. Sound waves are a type of longitudinal waves.
  28. 28What is ultrasound?Sound waves above 20,000 hertz
  29. 29What can happen to ultrasound waves at boundaries?They can get partially reflected
  30. 30How can an ultrasound wave get partially reflected at boundaries?When a wave passes from one medium into another some of the wave is reflected off the boundary between the two media and some is transmitted and refracted this is partial reflection. The time it takes for the reflections to reach a detector can be used to measure how far away the boundary is
  31. 31Uses of UltrasoundMedical Imaging and Industrial Imaging
  32. 32Medical Imaging - UltrasoundUltrasound waves can pass through the body but whenever they reach a boundary between two different media some of the wave is reflected back. The extract timing and distribution of these echoes are processed by a computer to produce a video image of the foetus
  33. 33Industrial Imaging - UltrasoundCan be used to find flaws in pipes or materials such as wood or metal. Ultrasound waves entering a material will usually be reflected by the far side of the material. If there is a flaw such as a crack inside the object the waves will be reflected sooner
  34. 34What are infrared waves?Sound waves so low in frequency that we can’t hear them - they’re under 20 hertz
  35. 35What do some animals do with infrasound?Communicate - for example whales and elephants. By detecting infrasound scientists are able to track these animals for conversation purposes
  36. 36What else produces infrasound?Natural events like erupting volcanoes, avalanches and earthquakes. Scientists can monitor infrasound to try to predict events - like if a volcano will shortly erupt
  37. 37What are the main two seismic waves?P-waves and S-waves
  38. 38By investing how seismic waves are absorbed and refracted, scientists have been able to work out what?Where the properties of the earth change dramatically.
  39. 39Differences between p-waves and s-waves- P-waves are longitudinal and s-waves are transverse.
    - p-waves travel through solids and liquids, whereas a-waves only travel through solids
    P-waves are faster than a-waves
  40. 40What does the law of reflection show?Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
  41. 41What is the angle of incidence?The angle between the incoming wave and the normal
  42. 42What is the angle of reflection?The angle between the reflected wave and the normal
  43. 43What is the normal?An imaginary line that’s perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence
  44. 44What can reflection be?Specular or diffuse
  45. 45What is specular reflection?When waves are reflected in a single direction by a smooth surface
  46. 46What is diffuse reflection?When waves are reflected by a rough surface and the waves are reflected in all directions
  47. 47What is colour about?Differences in absorption, transmission and reflection of different wavelengths by different materials
  48. 48What is white light?A mixture of all the different colours of light, which all have different wavelengths
  49. 49From red to violet what happens with wavelength and frequency?Long to short wavelength and low to high frequency
  50. 50What are opaque objects?Objects that don’t transmit light. When visible light waves hit them, they absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others
  51. 51What can white objects do?Reflect all wavelengths of visible light equally
  52. 52What do black objects do?Absorb all wavelengths of visible light. Your eyes see black as the lack of any visible light
  53. 53What do transparent and translucent objects do?Transmit light
  54. 54What two types of images can be formed by lenses?Real and Virtual
  55. 55How is a real image formed?When the light rays actually come together to form the image. The image can be captured on a screen because the light rays actually meet at the place where the image seems to be
  56. 56How is a virtual image formed?When the light rays from the object appear to be coming from a completely different place to where they’re actually coming from. The light rays don’t actually come together therefore cannot be captured on screen
  57. 57What is focal length?Related to power of the lens. The more powerful the lens, the more strongly it converges rays of light, so the shorter the focal length
  58. 58Is the power positive or negative for a converging lens?Positive
  59. 59Are electromagnetic waves transverse or longitudinal?Transverse waves
  60. 60How do electromagnetic waves travel?Through a vacuum
  61. 61What are the 7 groups in the electromagnetic spectrum?Radio Waves
    Microwaves
    Infrared
    Visible Light
    Ultra Violet
    X-Rays
    Gamma Rays
  62. 62Wavelength for different groups in electromagnetic spectrumRadio - 1m-10^4m
    Microwaves - 10^-2
    Infrared - 10^-5
    Visible Light - 10^-7
    Ultraviolet - 10^-8
    X-rays - 10^-10
    Gamma Rays 10^-15
  63. 63What are all objects continually doing?Emitting (radiating) and absorbing EM radiation
  64. 64What does the distribution and intensity of these wavelengths only depend on?The object’s temperature. Intensity is the power per unit area
  65. 65As the temperature of an object increases what happens?The intensity of every emitter wavelength increases. However, the intensity increases more rapidly for shorter wavelengths than longer wavelengths. This causes peak wavelength
  66. 66What does radiation affect?The Earth’s temperature
  67. 67The overall temperature of the earth depends on what?The amount of radiation it reflects, absorbs and emits
  68. 68What are radio waves mainly used for?Communication and broadcasting
  69. 69What are microwaves and radio waves used by?Satellites

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GCSE Physics Flashcards on Physics Topic 2, created by Harry Smith on 19/11/2018.
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