Memory - Psychology | Flashcards

Question	Answer
Explicit/declarative memory EPISODIC	Memory of one's personal past experiences
Explicit/declarative memory SEMANTIC	The memories for knowledge about the world
Implicit memory – PROCEDURAL	A type of implicit memories that involves motor skills and behavioural habits
FLASHBULB MEMORIES	Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event
PRIMING	When we're presented with something once it is easier to recall it when we see it another time - can be very long-lasting
INTENTIONAL LEARNING	Persistent, continual process to acquire, understand and use a variety of strategies to improve one's ability to attain and apply knowledge
INCIDENTAL LEARNING	Incidental learning refers to any learning that is unplanned or unintended. It develops while engaging in a task or activity and may also arise as a by-product of planned learning.
PRIMACY EFFECT	The primacy effect is the tendency to remember the first piece of information we encounter better than information presented later on - longer time for consolidation helps to remember it more (relies on long-term memory)
RECENCY EFFECT	The fact that we recall the latest information better - works the best short time after learning something
Seven plus or minus two	This refers to the capacity of our working memory
CHUNKS	Capacity of working memory doesn't refer to items but to chunks
CENTRAL EXECUTIVE	It controls the three slave systems: Visuospatial sketchpad, Episodic buffer, Phonological loop
VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD	The section of one's normal mental facility which provides a virtual environment for physical simulation, calculation, visualization and optical memory recall
EPISODIC BUFFER	Is theorized to integrate the other functions, known as the phonological loop (information heard) and visio-spatial sketchpad (information seen) with a sense of time, so that things occur in a continuing sequence, like a story from a book or movie.
PHONOLOGICAL LOOP	It represents a brief store of mainly verbal information together with a rehearsal mechanism
Shallow processing	Cognitive processing of a stimulus that focuses on its superficial, perceptual characteristics rather than its meaning. It is considered that processing at this shallow level produces weaker, shorter-lasting memories than deep processing
Deep processing	Deep processing requires the use of semantic processing (how words work together to create meaning) which creates a much stronger memory trace
Maintenance rehearsal	Process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information; short-term memory time can be increased to about 30 seconds by using Maintenance Rehearsal.
Mnemonics	Learning aids, strategies, and devices, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues
Retrograde amnesia	A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information
Retrieval Cues	Anything that helps a person (or a non-human animal) recall information stored in long-term memory
Encoding specificity principle	The idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory for the experience
Context reinstatement	This effect occurs when the reinstatement (i.e. revisiting) of an environmental context acts as a cue for past memories related to that particular environmental context
Retention interval	Refers to the amount of time that elapses between the end of a witness's encounter with a perpetrator and any subsequent testing of the witness's memory for that encounter
Decay	Decay theory proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time. Information is, therefore, less available for later retrieval as time passes and memory, as well as memory strength, wears away.
Interference	It is the amount of info that interferes with the learnt info that determines how fast we forget
Proactive interference	Interference that occurs when old information inhibits the ability to remember new information (OLD over NEW)
Retroactive interference	Interference when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information (NEW over OLD)
Misinformation effect	the change in memory due to the presentation of information that is relevant to the target memory, such as leading questions or suggestions
Confirmation bias	is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses
Own race bias	The Own Race Bias is the tendency to recognize and differentiate between faces of our own race more easily than faces of another race. This explains why someone might think that members of another racial or ethnic group “all look alike.”
Own-age bias	Tendency to remember people of our own age
Own-gender bias	Tendency to remember people of our own gender much better
Schemas	Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information
Rationalisation	altering something to make it make sense to you
Levelling	Levelling involves removing or downplaying details from the memory to fit with what makes sense to you
Sharpening	sharpening involves adding or exaggerating details to fit with what makes sense to you
Reconstructive memory	Bartlett’s central insight was that memory is not like a tape recorder: it doesn’t faithfully play back our experiences. Instead, it changes or “reconstructs” them imaginatively.

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Memory - Psychology

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	Created by Lucia Halamová over 5 years ago