16215568
Description
Flashcards by Lucia Halamová, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lucia Halamová
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Learning | A relatively enduring change in behaviour, resulting from experience |
| Habituation | A decrease in behavioural response after repeated exposure to a stimulus |
| Dishabituation | refers to the fast recovery of a response that has undergone habituation, typically as a result of the presentation of a novel, strong or sometimes noxious stimulus |
| Sensitization | An increase in behavioural response after exposure to a stimulus |
| Classical conditioning | A type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces a response |
| Unconditioned response | A response that does not have to be learnt, such as reflex |
| Unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a response, such as reflex, without any other prior learning |
| Conditioned response | A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learnt |
| Conditioned stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place |
| Biological preparedness | is the idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (such as higher inclination to form certain phobias but not others) |
| Homeostasis | ??? |
| Second-order conditioning | or higher-order conditioning is a form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus |
| Extinction | -exhibition of inhibitory connections (it is not forgetting) - extinction occurs when a response is no longer reinforced following a discriminative stimulus |
| Spontaneous recovery | A process in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus |
| Excitatory connection | ??? |
| Inhibitory connection | ??? |
| Generalisation gradient | This tool is used to measure how often and how much animals or humans respond to certain stimuli, depending on whether the stimuli are similar or different |
| CS+ | ??? |
| CS- | ??? |
| Backward pairing | is a behavior conditioning method in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented before a neutral stimulus (NS) |
| Simultaneous pairing | is a behavior conditioning method in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented together with a neutral stimulus (NS) |
| Forward pairing | Occurs when the neutral stimulus (NS) appears just before and during the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) |
| Contingency | Contingency theory proposes that for learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the subject information about the likelihood that certain events will occur. |
| Blocking | Cessation of thought to avoid confronting an unpleasant idea. Example: A married woman repeatedly forgets the name of her new boss. Her therapist suggests she may be experiencing an uncomfortable, possibly subconscious attraction to him. |
| One-trial learning | learning takes place in a single pairing of a response and stimulus and is not strengthened over time by repeated exposure to a stimulus |
| Associative learning | linking 2 stimuli, or events that occur together |
| Nonassociative learning | responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event |
| Acquisition | the gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
| Stimulus generalisation | learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response |
| Stimulus discrimination | a differentiation btw 2 similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus |
| Rescoria-Wagner model | a cognitive model of classical conditioning which holds that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the US is unexpected |
| Operant Conditioning | a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future |
| Law of Effect | Edward Thorndike put forward a “Law of effect” which stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped |
| Reinforcer | a stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will repeat |
| Shaping | a process of operant conditioning; it involves reinforcing behaviours that are increasingly similar to the desired behaviour |
| Positive reinforcement | Doing something so that the desired behaviour is repeated |
| Negative reinforcement | Removing something unpleasant to increase the probability of the desired behaviour |
| Positive punishment | doing something to decrease the probability of behaviour reccuring |
| Negative punishment | Removing something to decrease the probability recurring |
| Cognitive map | a visual/spatial mental representation of an environment |
| Latent learning | learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement |
| Vicarious learning | learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing an action (Bobo-doll experiment) |
| Mirror neurons | neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action |
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