Flashcards

insect lab

Kimberly J English 137 cards

Cards in this deck (137)

1Order Protura(Proturans) Entognathous (mouthparts within folds of the head); elongated body; distinct conical head; lacking antennae and eyes; forelegsare enlarged and held forward
2Order Collembola (Springtails)Entognathous; body globular or elongated; variable in colour including white, pink, yellow, blue, and orange. abdomen with forked structure (furcula) on the ventral side of the fourth abdominal segment and a ventral tube (collophore) on first abdominal segment
3Order Diplura (Diplurans) Entognathous; long slender antennae; compound eyes and ocelli are absent; abdomen with two prominent cerci (long and filiform or short and forcep-like)
4Order Archaeognatha (or Microcoryphia)(Bristletails) Ectognathous (mouthparts visible externally), chewing mouthparts developed but weak; body cylindrical, thorax arched dorsally; body covered with scales; large compound eyes often touching in the middle; ocelli present; long antennae. Medial caudal filament + cerci present; cerci shorter than medial caudal filamen
5Order Zygentoma(older nameThysanura) (Silverfishand firebrats) Same as bristletails except: body elongated and somewhat flattened; compound eyes are small and widely separated or sometimes absent; ocelli present or absent; cerci almost equal to medial caudal filament.Abdominal appendages present (styli).Silverfish are covered with silvery scales. Firebrats have a yellowish-brownbody with a mottled appearance
6Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) Adults: Four membranous wings with many veins, forewings are large & triangular, hind wings are small & rounded; antennae small, bristlelike; mouthparts vestigial; male compound eyes large,in femalessmaller and farther apart; front legs often held in front of body; long cerci often with a third median caudal filament. Nymphs(Naiads): Chewing mouthparts; leaf-like gills along side of abdomen;three long filaments at end ofabdomen.
7Order Odonata (Dragonflies and damselflies) Adults:Oftenbrightly coloured; 2 pairs of elongated, many veined, membranous wings; large compound eyes; antennae very small, bristlelike; chewing mouthparts; thorax small and compact; abdomen long and slender; cerci function as clasping organ in the male; male also with copulatory organon the ventral side of abdominal segment 2(check specimen upside down in unit tray)Nymphs(Naiaids): Chewing mouthparts; modified segmented labium with clawlike lobes to grab prey. When the labium is extended it is at least a third as long as the body.Suborder Anisoptera(Dragonflies)Adults: Fore and hind wings dissimilar in size and shape; base of hind wings broader than forewings; head somewhat rounded to slightly transversely elongated. Not wider than thorax in dorsal view. Nymphs(Naiads): Stout body; head usually narrower than thorax and abdomen; gill pads inside the rectum
8Suborder Zygoptera(Damselflies) Adults: Fore and hindwings similar in size and shape; base of wings narrow; Head transversely elongated. Wider than thorax in dorsal view. Nymphs(Naiads): Slender body; head wider than thorax; three leaf-like gills at the posterior end of abdomen
9Order Phasmatodea(Walkingsticks and leaf insects)Walkingsticks: Body elongated, cylindrical and sticklike. One species in Canada:The Northern walkingstick(or the common walkingstick) (Diapheromera femorata).Leaf insects: body flattened, leaf-like. Not present in Canada.Ifwings present, fore wings leathery (tegmina).Chewing mouthparts; compound eyes small; antennae long and slender; cerci short and one-segmented, ovipositor short and conceal
10Order Orthoptera(Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids) Usually 4 wings. Forewings leathery and thickened (tegmina). Hind wings are membranous, and folded beneath forewings. Chewing mouthparts. Hind legs enlarged (saltatorial). Cerci well developed.Short-horned Orthoptera(suborder Caelifera):Often gray or brownish, but some more colorful (e.g. lubber grasshoppers). Hind wings often colorful.Antennae much shorter than body, usually with less than 30 segments, and usually thick; stout ovipositor. Tympana if present,on sides of first abdominal segment. Many males have stridulatory organs: on inner surface of the hind femur and the lower edge of the front wing. Tarsi three segmented(or less, but never 4). -Grasshoppersand locusts(Acrididae): Mostly as described for Caelifera. Tympanum present on side of first abdominal segment
11Lubbergrasshoppers (Romaleidae):Large, brightly colored.
12Pygmy grasshoppers(Tetrigidae): Pronotum extends backward over abdomen, tegmina reduced.Auditory and stridulatory organ abse
13Long-horned Orthoptera(suborder Ensifera): Oftengreen or brown, long and fine antennae(as long or longer than body);long laterally flattened blade-like ovipositor (katydids) or needlelike (Crickets).Tympana if present,at the base of front tibiae. Stridulatory organs on fore wings of males. Tarsi, three-segmented (cricket) or four-segmented (katydids)
14Field/house crickets(Family Gryllidae):Robust, black or brown, ovipositor needlelike.
15Tree crickets(Family Gryllidae, subfamily Oecanthinae): Slender, whitish or pale green (color may fade in preserved specimens), transparent forewings.
16Katydids and “long horned grasshoppers”(Family Tettigoniidae) Usually green, laterally flattened. Long often thick ovipositor, sometimes curved upward.
17Camel crickets(Family Rhaphidophoridae): hump-backed shape, wingless.
18Jerusalem crickets(Family Stenopelmatidae):Head and abdomen large, short legs.Wingless. Western U
19Mole crickets(Family Gryllotalpidae):Enlarged digging (fossorial) legs; pubescent body. U.S and southern Ontar
20OntarioOrder Grylloblattodea(Rock Crawlers) Body slender, elongated, pale and finely pubescent;wingless (secondarily wingless (subclass Pterygota)); eyes small or absent; no ocelli; antennae long and filiform; chewing mouthparts; long cerci.
21Order Mantodea (Mantids)Prothoraxelongated, raptorial forelegs with long coxae. Forelegs with strong spines on femora and tibiae. Chewing mouthparts. Filiform antennae. Head triangular. Well developed compound eyes. Head freely movable. Forewings thickened (tegmina). Two eastern species: European mantid or Praying mantid (Mantis religiosa): size, about5 cm; presence of black spot on inner face of forecoxa
22Chinese mantid(Tenodera sinensis):Large species, about 7-10 cm. Tegminawith green margin.Ootheca: Egg case. Frothy mass that quickly harden
23Order Blattodea(Cockroaches)Dorsoventrally flattened body. Oval. Head concealed by the pronotum. Chewing mouthparts. Antennae long, filiform. Cursorial legs. Wings present or absent. Leathery forewings (tegmina). Cerci often long. Legs often with spines. German cockroach(Blattella germanica):light brown with two longitudinal stripes on pronotum, well developed wings but flightless
24Oriental cockroach(Blatta orientalis): shiny dark brown, short non-functional wings(in females little stubs; but cover ¾ abdomen in male
25American cockroach(Periplaneta americana): reddish brown, 2 spots on pronotum, well developed wings.Ootheca: Egg case. Often capsule-shaped, elongated
26Order Isoptera (Termites)Termites are now considered an infraorder of the order Blattodea, but is treated here as a separate order (following classification in Marshall’s book on reserve at the library). Antennae monoliform or filiform, Chewing mouthparts.Reproductive caste(Queen and king): Two pairs of wings(see a male). Forewings and hindwings similar in shape and size and have reduced venation; Wings longer than body.See female (in jar) after fertilization (no more wings), enlarged abdomen, small head. Workers: Usually pale and weakly sclerotized.Soldiers: Wingless, large, elongated and well sclerotized head. Noeyes. Large mandibles, except nasute termites (subfamily Nasutitermitinae) that have reduced mandibles but a projecting snout
27Dermaptera (Earwigs)Often brown or black, body elongated and flattened. Compound eyes large, small or absent. Chewing mouthparts. Antennae moniliform. Forceps-like cerci. Females have straight forceps, males have forceps distinctly curved. Winged or wingless. Forewings are short, leathery (tegmina). The hind wings are membranous and rounded and are folded beneath the forewings.
28Order Plecoptera (Stoneflies)Adults: Brownish, yellowish or black. Body flattened. Antennae long and filiform. Cerci usually long. Four membranous wings. Forewings elongated and narrow with many cross veins. Hind wings slightly shorter, than forewings. When at rest, the wings are held flat over the abdomen. Nymphs: Aquatic. Elongated and flattened body, long antennae and cerci. Branched or filamentous gills along the sides of thorax, well visible at the base of the legs.
29mbioptera (or Embiidina) (Web-spinners)Elongated with cylindrical body. Chewing mouthparts. Prognathous head. Antennae long and filiform (thread-like). Tarsi 3-segmented, with basal segment of front tarsi enlarged (contains silk glands). Legs short with hind femur enlarged (adapted for running backward). Cerci with many setae (sensory hairs). Males with 2 pairs of membranous wings. Females wingless
30Order Psocoptera (Psocids (Booklice, Barklice))Very small. Soft bodied. Head round, large with bulbous clypeus, long filiform antennae; large compound eyes, ocelli present in winged species. Chewing mouthparts.Barklice:(include most psocids): 4 membranous wings held roof-like at rest. Usually found outdoor.Booklice: Smaller than barklice, lack wings, hind femora enlarged. Usually found indoo
31Order Phthiraptera (Lice)Ectoparasites of birds and mammals. Small and wingless. Body dorso-ventrally flattened. Compound eyes reduced or absent. Short antennae and short legs. Apex of tibia with “thumblike” process. Tarsi one segmented with single large claw. Chewing lice: Largest group (divided into 3 suborders). Have sharp pointed mandibles. Wide head
32Sucking lice: Have sucking mouthparts with stylets concealed into a pouch. Narrow, conical head. Sucking lice include:- Human body lice and head lice (morphologically very similar): all legs stout. Abdomen elongate
33Pubic lice “crabs”: forelegs delicate, with long slender claws; other legs stout, with short stout claws. Abdomen very short and stou
34Order Hemiptera (True bugs and “homopterans”) Suborder Heteroptera (True bugs)Hemelytra: basal portion of forewing thickened and leathery (corium), apical portion membranous. Hind wings completely membranous. Wings are held flat over body at rest. Piercing-sucking mouthparts (rostrum) arising in front of the head and extend back along ventral side of body sometimes reaching bases of hind legs. Long antennae in terrestrial bugs, compound eyes well developed, ocelli present or absent. Often with scent glands on the sides of the thorax in adults.Terrestrial - Phytophagous bugs Family Miridae (Plant bugs): Presence of a cuneus and only one or two closed cells at the base of the membranous part of the hemelytra. No ocelli. Cuneus: Triangular apical piece of the corium, separated from the rest of the corium by a suture.
35Family Lygaeidae (Seed bugs): One common species is the small milkweed bug: Bright red and black. Four or five simple veins in the membranous part of hemelytra.
36Family Blissidae(Chinch bugs): Small, black and white wings (nymphs with bright red abdomen). Four or five simple veins in the membranous part of hemelytra
37Family Coreidae (Leaf-footed bugs): Medium-sized, elongated and dark-colored. Head narrower and shorter than the pronotum. Hind tibia often expanded and leaflike. Well developed scent glands that open on the underside of the metathorax, near the coxa. Some males with hind femora enlarged with a series of sharp spines
38Western conifer seedbug (Leptoglossus occidentalis): Reddish-brown, with a white zigzag line (sometimes pale) on the corium; slight enlargement of hind tibia
39Family Pentatomidae (Stink bugs): subfamily Pentatominae are phytophagous: Distinct shape. Large pronotum, large triangular scutellum. Five segmented antennae (usually 4 segmented in other families (e.g. Coreidae, Reduviidae)). Rostrum more or less slender in phytophagous species (compare predaceous species).
40errestrial - Predaceous and/or blood sucking bugsFamily Pentatomidae(Stink bugs): subfamily Asopinae are predaceous. Rostrum enlarged in predaceous species.
41Family Reduviidae(Assassin bugs): Head elongated. Rostrum short and 3-segmented. Tip of rostrum fits into a groove in the prosternum. Abdomen often widened in the middle. Masked hunter (Reduvius personatus): A common species of assassin bug found in houses. Adult dark brown to black with elongated body. Nymphs cover themselves with dust for camouflage (no nymph in lab)
42Ambush bugs(subfamily Phymatinae):A subgroup within the assassin bugs. Broader and stouter than assassin bugs.Black and yellow, spiny thorax, raptorial forelegs (elongated coxae), enlarged femora.
43Family Cimicidae(Bed bugs): Dorsoventrally flattened, broadly oval, wingless. Antennae 4 segmented, compound eyes present, ocelli absent. Blood feede
44Semi-aquatic bugs(Predaceous) Often large eyes. Antennae longer than head.Family Gerridae (Water striders): Tarsi are covered with fine hairs. They have short front legs used in capturing prey. Middle and hind legs are long and used in locomotion. Most species are black and the body is long and narrow. Winged or wingless
45ully aquatic bugs Mostly predaceous (except Corixidae). Most have a well defined piercing-sucking mouthpart called a rostrum (except Corixidae). Short concealed antennae. Family Nepidae(Water scorpions): Long respiratory siphon at end of abdomen which is formed by the cerci. Well developing wings. Body slender and elongated with very long legs. The front legs are raptoria
46Family Belostomatidae(Giant water bugs): Elongated, oval, flattened body. Forelegs raptorial. Middle and hind legs flattened and fringed with hairs. Small retractable siphon at apex of abdomen. Wings well developed.
47Family Corixidae(Water boatmen): Elongated, oval, somewhat flattened and usually dark gray in colour. Dorsal surface of body often cross-lined. Hind legs oar-like and fringed. Forelegs with tarsi unsegmented, scoop-shaped and fringed (use in scooping out detritus in water). Head is short and broad. Beak fused to the head, short and triangular. No distinct piercing-sucking mouthpart
48Family Notonectidae(Back swimmers): Dorsal side of body convex, usually light colored; ventral side flat. Forelegs adapted for grasping prey. Hind legs oarlike and fringed
49The “Homopterans” Traditionally treated as Suborder Homoptera- now divided into Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha. Front wings if present, with uniform texture, either leathery or membranous, held rooflike over body. The rostrum arises from the posterior part of the head: more so in the Sternorrhyncha.Suborder Sternorrhyncha (Aphids, scale insects and mealybugs)Family Aphididae(Aphids): Small, soft bodied, pear-shaped. Pair of cornicles secretes defensive substance and alarm pheromone. Winged or wingless
50Superfamily Coccoidea (Scale insects and mealybugs): Scale insects(various families): Female wingless, legless and sessile. Females secrete scalelike material to cover themselves.
51Mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae): Female wingless, have well developed legs. Females secrete a waxy, powdery secretion to cover themselves.Males lack mouthparts, they have long stylelike process at end of abdomen. Hind wings are reduced to small haltere-like processes that terminate in a hooked bristle
52uborder Auchenorrhyncha (Cicadas and various “hoppers”)Family Cicadidae(Cicadas): Largest of the “homopterans”. Wings held rooflike over body. Males have tymbals (sound producing organs) and tympana on first abdominal segment. Tymbals are coming out of second tergite(visible in one specimen of periodical cicada with wing removed). Tymbals are concealed in some species. Tympanum lies below tymbal and is covered by a plate-like structure known as the operculum. Periodical cicada: Genus Magicicada: small, reddish eyes and reddish wing veins. Eastern U.S. Tymbals well visible
53Annual cicada or dog day cicada: Genus Neotibicen: larger, greenish markings. Common in N.A.. Tymbals concealed.
54Family Cicadellidae(Leafhoppers): One or more rows of spines extending the length of the hind tibiae
55amily Membracidae (Treehoppers): Pronotum that covers the head, and extend back over abdomen
56Family Cercopidae (Froghoppers-spittlebugs): Hind tibiae with 1 or 2 stout spines laterally and a crown of short spines at tip
57Thysanoptera(thrips) Very small, slender-bodied. Wings present or absent. When present, 4 long and narrow wings with few or no veins and fringed with long hairs. Sucking mouthparts. Short antennae
58Holometabolous insects Raphidioptera (Snakeflies)Elongated head with long prothorax (necklike). Female with long slender ovipositor (lay eggs into crevices in bark). Similar to mantidflies except forelegs not raptorial and located on posterior end of prothorax.Not present in Eastern N.A but common in the West.Predaceous larvae and adults
59Megaloptera (Dobsonflies and fishflies)Medium to large insects, usually dark coloured. 2 pairs of membranous wings of similar size, held roof-like over body. Wing venation complex but without forked branching near wing margin (compare with Neuroptera below).Larvae are active predators. Adults are short-lived and rarely feed.Dobsonflies(Corydalidae). Very large (usually over 25 mm). Large wingsoften with dark patches, highly veined. Large mandibles, extra long and curved in males.Long filiformor monoliformantennae
60Fishflies(Corydalidae). Similar to dobsonflies but smallerand with short mandibles in both sexes. Antennae pectinate(comblike) or serrate(sawlike). Some species with black wings.Larvaaquatic. Large mandibles, lateral tactile filaments on most abdominal segments and tufts of gills on ventro-lateral side of abdomen(gills not visible on lab specimen but you can see the tactile filaments)(recall that stonefly nymphs(plecoptera)hadtuft of gills on thoracic segments and long cerci
61Neuroptera(Lacewings, mantispids, antlions)Four membranous wings, with distinctive wing patterns with extra forked branches mainly found at the ventral margin of thewings. Front and hind wings similar in shape and venationand held rooflike over body. Chewing mouthparts. Long filiform antennae. Predaceous.Green lacewings(Chrysopidae)Most are greenish in color with copper-colored eyes, longfiliform antennae. Larvae are called aphidlions. They have long curved mandibles and are predaceous mainly on aphids
62Mantispids(Mantispidae): Similar to mantids, with long prothorax and raptorial forelegs. But smaller and different wings (no tegmina)
63Antlions(Myrmeleontidae).Similar todamselflies but with long clubbed antennae. Long slender abdomen. Antlion larvaewith long mandibles. Feed on ants or other insec
64Mecoptera(Scorpionflies and hangingflies)Four wings, similar in shape, often with dark markings. Head with chewing mouthparts at the end of long snout.Mainly predaceous or scavengers on dead insects. Scorpionflies: Tarsi with 2 claws. Male genitalia enlarged and recurved resembling the sting of a scorpion. Female’s abdomen flattened posteriorly.
65Hangingflies: Long slender legswith modified tarsal segments to hang on branches and to catch prey.Narrow wings (narrower near the base than those of scorpionflies (below)). Tarsi raptorial: first tarsomere long, fifth tarsal segment folding backagainst fourth.Only one tarsal claw
66Strepsiptera (Twisted wing parasites)Very small. Extreme sexual dimorphism: Adult malesare free living, they have large membranous wings on metathorax, front wings reduced to halter-like structures, projecting raspberry-like eyes; branched antennae (flabellate: fan-shaped). Femalesare internal parasites on other insects. They are wingless, they lack eyes, antennae and legs. The head and thorax is fused (forming a cephalothorax as inspiders). Only the cephalothorax emerges from ho
67Siphonaptera(Fleas)Small, wingless, laterally flattenedwith numerous comb-like projecting spines and bristles.Shiny brown or black. Long jumping hindlegs: with coxae greatly enlarged. Short antennae, in grooves of head. Sucking mouthparts, eyes present or absent.Feed on blood in adult stage and on organic matter (dead insects, feces, dead skin, feathers, etc) as larvae. Adults are external parasites of birds and mammals
68Coleoptera(Beetles)Forewings modified into hard or leathery elytra (sometimes very short), which meet in the middle, and do not overlap. Elytra (sing. elytron) cover and protect membranous hind wings. Most larvae have three pairs of legs on the thorax. Predaceous and aquatic:Predaceous Diving Beetles-DytiscidaeHind legs flattened and fringed for swimming, smooth, broadly oval body, long filiform antennae; longer than maxillary palps.Some species have sexually dimorphic front legs -males have a sucker for gripping females during mating
69Whirligig Beetles-Gyrinidae Smooth, oval shaped body, middle and hind legs very short, flattened and paddlelike for swimming, eyes divided on each side -one pair above surface, one pair below-specialize for surface swimming. Short, somewhat clubbed antennae
70Predaceous and terrestrialGround Beetles-Carabidae Legs adapted for running, head (at eye level) usually narrower than pronotum. Antennae arising between base of mandibles and eye.Tiger Beetles(subfamilyCicindelinae) have thehead usually as wide or wider than pronotum, mandibles long and sickle-like.
71Fireflies-Lampyridae Body elongated, flattened with soft elytra. Broad pronotum, covers head
72Ladybird Beetles-Coccinellidae Distinctive shape and colour (mostly red, orange, some yellow, some black). Head often concealed by pronotum, short clubbed antennae.Tarsi apparently 3-3-3 (3 tarsal segments on forelegs, midlegs and hindlegs) (but actually 4-4-4)
73Phytophagous Weevils-Curculionidae Head prolonged into a snout -mouthparts at end.Antennae often elbowed and clubbed, often arising in the middle of the snout. Elytra hard, well sclerotized.
74Long-horned Beetles-Cerambycidae Long filiform antennae usually at least half as long as body. Eye often notched or divided, with antenna arising within the notch
75Leaf Beetles-Chrysomelidae Antennae less than half as long as body, eyes generally not notched or divided. Tarsi apparently 4-4-4 (but actually 5-5-5).Large family. Examples of leaf beetles: Colorado potato beetle: Yellow thorax with brown spots, Elytra with alternating ivory and black/dark brown longitudinallines.Larvae: Humped back shape. Reddish-brown with two rows of dark brown spots(color and patterns may differ in alcohol preserved specimen
76Lily leaf beetle: Black head and legs with solid red thorax and elytra
77Flea beetles: Black, or metallic dark green or blue, small.Jumping hind legs
78Tortoise beetles: Thorax and elytra extended at margins:legs and head are not visible from abo
79Striped cucumber beetles: Black head, yellow thorax, elytra with alternating black and yellow lines (2 each per elytron
80Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles-Buprestidae Often robust, metallic or bronze in colour, elytra often sculptured. Distinct shape with elytra often pointed, longantennae usually serrate (sawlike).Damage caused by the larvae usually in the formof winding tunnels beneath the bark surface. Adult emergence holes are D-shaped. (log on demo -but not only Buprestid damage)
81Scarab Beetles-ScarabaeidaeSize and color variable. Very large species in the tropics. Robust, stout body.Lamellate antennae -elongate club of usually 3-4 segments (up to 7) that can be closed. June beetle:common at porch lights in May/June, medium to dark brown-reddishin colour
82Japanese beetle: Irridescent beige/tanelytra and shiny green thorax and head. Larvae of June beetles and Japanese beetles are called White grubs: C-shaped with well-developed hea
83Scarab Beetles-Scarabaeidae Dung beetles: usually dark brown/black in colour, wide range of sizes (4-23mm locally). Some males have a pronounced horn on the head or pronotum
84Carrion Beetles-Silphidae Clubbed antennae (clavate or capitate), last 3 segments often with hairs. Broad prothorax. Elytra often short, leaving 1 to 3 abdominal segments exposed or elytra somewhat broader posteriorly. Redand black or yellow and black pattern.2 common forms: -Body broadly oval and flattened; elytra almost cover abdomen, often yellow and black(Silpha) -Body elongated, elytra short, often red and black –(Nicrophorus)
85Sap or picnic Beetles-Nitidulidae Elytra short, tip of abdomen exposed. Antennae clubbed. One common species (Picnic beetle), is black with gold spots.
86Dermestid Beetles-Dermestidae Small, convex beetle, antennae with 3 segmented club. Head not visible from above. Often with scales or hairs.Larvae usually covered with long setaeand with a tuft of long hairs at the tip of abdomen. 2 common species: Larder beetle: About 6-8 mm. Dark brown with a distinct wide yellowish band across elyt
87Carpet beetle: Usually smaller,2-5 mm.Oval to almost circular. Black,often with irregular yellowish brown patterns
88Click Beetles-Elateridae Long and narrow, parallel sided -characteristic shape. Large pronotum with pointed hind corners. Spine on prosternum that fits into a grove on mesosternum (the click mechanism used to right themselves up). Antennae usually serrate (sawlike).Larvaeare called wireworms: Usually dark yellow or brown and well sclerotize
89Meloidae: Blister beetlesElytra soft and flexible. Some have short elytra and no hind wings. Pronotum narrow (narrower than both the head and base of elytra, compare with soldier beetles -Cantharidae). Head broad.Males of some species have modified antennae used to grasp female’s antennae during copul
90Trichoptera(Caddisflies) 2 pairs of wings, alike in shape, triangular, held rooflike at rest, wings with small hairs, often colour pattern, antennae long, chewing mouthparts with mandibles much reduced.Aquatic larvae -case forming (species-specific : variety of forms. Check different cases in lab), other construct nets under water, some are free-living
91Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Skippers and Moths)2 pairs of membranous wings covered with scales (a few apterous female moths). Body also covered with scales. Large compound eyes, antennae variable; clubbed, hooked, filiform, setaceous, plumose. Legs adapted for walking, front legs sometimes much reduced. Adult mouthparts in the form of a long coiled proboscis. Some with vestigial (reduced) mouthparts (do notfeed). Larvae (caterpillars)have a sclerotized head, chewing mouthparts, 3 pairs of segmented thoracic legs, and abdomen with up to 5 pairs of short unsegmented prolegs (on some or all segments 3 to 6 and 10).Butterflies(superfamily Papilionoidae):All have clubbed antennae, are brightly colored, and the wings are held vertically over the body at rest.Mouthparts in the form of a long sucking tube, known as proboscis.•Swallowtails-Papilionidae: Fully developed front legs. Hind wing often with tail-like extension. Look also at chrysalis attached to a branch by cremaster (do not remove from tray!). Black swallowtailis largely black with rows of submarginal yellow spots and blue submargin
92Canadian Tiger swallowtail is largely yellow with black “tiger” stripes on upper margin of front wings and large black wing margins. Also has a narrow black band along the inner hindwing m
93Whites, Sulphurs-Pieridae: Colour -white, yellow or orange, often with black wing margins. Tarsal claws bifid (forked). Cabbage butterfly(Pieris rapae):Mostly white. Forewings with black wing tips, and one black spot in males, two in females, and a black patch on the leading edge of the hindwing in both sex
94Blues, Coppers, Hairstreaks-Lycaenidae: Base of antenna touching eye, antennae usually with white rings, and white ring around eye, males often have short front legs, females with normal front legs. Blues: Malesare blue, females are bluish, but have some amounts of brown or grey in the
95Coppers:Often metallic: red or orange and brown with black markin
96Hairstreaks: Usually dark grey or brownish on the upper surface, some with blue iridescence. They have wavy or broken lines on the underside of the wings and small reddish spots on posterior part of hind wings. Often have two small hairlike tails on hind wing.
97Brushfooted Butterflies-Nymphalidae: Antennal bases separated from eyes. Front legs very short and covered with long hairs, claws absent. Viceroy: Long antennal club. Similar to monarch but has a narrow black line across the hind and forewings and only a single row of white spots in the black band along wing margins
98Mourning cloak: Eyes hairy. Brownish-black with yellowish wing margins. Overwinter in the adult stage. Adults in early spring.
99Monarch: Bright orange with heavy black veins, and with wings bordered by black, with two rows of small white spots. Males with black scent scales (androconia) on hind wings
100Skippers(superfamily Hesperioidea): One family: Hesperiidae:Differ from typical butterflies by their large head, at least as wide or wider than thorax. Antennal base widely separated. Antennae with apical hook. Compact body (moth-like). Fully developed front legs.Wings at various angles when at rest. Most species orange and brown
101Moths:Antennae are filiform, setaceous or plumose, most are dull colored and they hold their wings flat over the body or horizontally at rest•ClearwingedMoths-Sesiidae: Wings with large clear areas devoid of scales. Often mimic wasps. Front wings long and narrow, hind wings broad. Sexual dimorphism comm
102Giant Silkworm Moths-Saturniidae: Large distinctive moths often with feathery (or bipectinate) antennae(for half the length or more), antennae larger in males. Eyespots sometimes present on the wings. Mouthparts reduced, adults do not feed.Cecropia moth-wings reddish brown with a white vertical band across, and a crescent-shaped white spot bordered with red in the middle.Look at large Cecropia cocoon.Luna moth-Light green moth; hind wings with long tails, front wings with a narrow dark brown bor
103Sphinx Moths -Sphingidae: Antennae and body spindle-shaped: body pointed anteriorly and posteriorly. Antennae often curved or hooked at the tips, but never knobbed as in butterflies and skippers. Front wings long, pointed and much bigger than hind wings. Some species have mostly clear wings. Some look like bumble bees. Some species with a particularly long proboscis.The caterpillars are called hornworms. They have a horn-like projection on the last abdominal segme
104Tent caterpillars, Lappet moths–Lasiocampidae: : Usually brown or grey, stout bodied, broad wings. Some species with narrow pale line on forewings. Some with elongated mouthparts. Caterpillars with long thin setae abundant laterally and on head. Eastern tent caterpillarwith a pale middorsal stripe. Forest tent caterpillarwith middorsal spot
105Noctuids or owlet moths –(Noctuidae): Large and variable group, often dull gray or brown, heavy bodied. Front wings somewhat narrowed, hind wings broadened. Front wings and hindwings often with different patterns and texture. Labial palps usually long. Antennae filiform, bristlelike (not feathery). Tympana present on last thoracic segment (metathorax).Caterpillars are smooth bodied and include some important agricultural pests such as cutworms, cabbage looper and corn ear
106Gypsy moths–(Erebidae): FemaleGypsy moths are white, males are dull brown. Caterpillars are hairy with blue and red spots on their back. Adultmoths do not feed.
107tigermoths–(Erebidae): include some of the most brightly colored moths. Often with spots, bands or stripes on the wings. Tympana present on last thoracic segment. Caterpillars are often extremely hairy. They often have bright contrasting and warning coloration. Many are toxic
108Measuringworms –Geometridae: Usually small, slender-bodied. Wings broad and marked withfine wavy lines. Tympana present on first abdominal segment. The caterpillarsare called inchwormsor measuringworms. They have normally only two or three pairs of prolegs at the posterior end of body (contrarily to 5 pairs normally found in other caterpillars)
109Clothes moths(family Tineidae)/ Clothes moth larvae (caterpillars) feed on animal fibers (wool, feather, fur, silk). Pantry moths feed on stored products of plant origin, such as grains, beans, cereals, dried fruits, flour, etc.
110The Indian meal moth(darker apical half of forewings) and rice mothsare examples of pantry moth. Pantry moths(family Pyralidae) ). Pantry moths feed on stored products of plant origin, such as grains, beans, cereals, dried fruits, flour, etc.
111Biting midges – Ceratopogonidae: Small, slender to moderately robust. Antennae with 13 flagellomeres. Male with pedicel enlarged (containing Johnston’s organ). Male with plumose antennae. Eyes approximate or meeting in the middle.
112Black Flies - Simuliidae: Small, humpbacked appearance, wing broad without hairs or scales, wing veins thicker anteriorly. Antennae with 7-9 flagellomeres, shorter than head, thick, arising at middle of eye. Short legs. Male with large eyes that meet in the middle (holoptic eyes)
113Mosquitoes - Culicidae: Wing veins and wing margins with scales. Scales often present on body as well. Long piercing-sucking mouthparts. Antennae plumose on males with pedicel enlarged: Johnston’s organ. Larvae small, with enlarged thorax, small brushes on their mouth (for filter feeding) and an apical breathing tube (siphon). Anal gills also present, apparently mostly for water intake.
114Horse flies, deer flies -Tabanidae: distinct shape - large head, concaveposteriorly, broad abdomen, antennae stylate: 3-segmented with style. Eyes often brightly colored (not in preserved specimens). Mouthparts cutting-sponging
115Stable flies – Muscidae: Robust fly, grayish. Appearance of a normal house fly, but with piercing-sucking mouthparts: proboscis elongate, strongly sclerotized. Aristate antennae: 3-segmented with an arista (see above).
116Flower flies, Hover Flies -Syrphidae: Often bee and wasp mimics - black and yellow colour pattern. Diagnostic character: wings with spurious vein (starts nowhere and ends nowhere). Antennae aristat
117Robber flies – Asilidae: Small to large flies. Large compound eyes extending dorsally above level of vertex. Vertex appearing excavated when viewed anteriorly. Cluster of hair on lower part of the face (the mystax). Antennae usually with an arista (asilidae)
118fruit Flies -Tephritidae: Patterned wings. Diagnostic character: Subcostal vein (Sc) with apical part sharply bent forward (at an angle close to 90°). Female with conspicuous oviscape (ovipositor sheat. Ovipositor retracts within oviscape). Some species form galls on plants. Like the Goldenrod gall fly. Aristate antennae
119Leaf– miner flies – Agromyzidae: Small, usually less than 3 mm. Female with conspicuous oviscape(similar to Tephritidae). Wings normally without patterns. Color variable, sometimes dark black sometimes mostly bright yellow. Aristate antennae
120Non-biting midges- Chironomidae: small, delicate, mosquito-like flies; antennae long, plumose in males; wings narrow but without scales. Mouthparts reduced, most adults do not feed
121Small fruit flies – Drosophilidae: Small, usually yellowish-brown or reddish, without long ovipositor in female. Arista plumose (longer pubescence compared to Agromyzidae)
122Blow Flies, Greenbottle Flies -Calliphoridae: Body often (but not always) with metallic blue or green reflection. Some are greyish ( known as cluster flies) (they look like house flies, be careful!). Meron (sclerite on the side of the thorax) witha row of strong bristles (see picture below). Antennae with arista plumose for at least basal two-thirds.
123House fly – Muscidae: Usually quite hairy, dull color (grey, black). Sponging mouthparts (compare with stable flies). Meron without a row of strong bristles
124Bot flies - Oestridae: Robust, hairy, somewhat beelike. Head inflated. Mouthparts vestigial or lacking. Small sunken antennae. Parasitic larvae are large, fat, white and legless
125Bee Flies -Bombyliidae: Often stout-bodied, hairy, sometimes with black and yellow pattern (beemimics). Many species with long and slender proboscis. Wings often spotted. Without spurious vein
126Crane flies – Tipulidae: Appearance of large mosquito with very long skinny legs. Halteres with long stalk. Do not bite nor sting. Various feeding habits in larval stage (on roots, on decaying vegetation, etc.). Adults do not feed.
127hymenoptera (Sawflies, horntails, wasps, bees, ants) Four membranous wings, unequal in size, forewings longer. A few wingless hymenoptera (e.g. worker ants). Wings held together by small hooks (hamuli) on hind wings. Antennae long (usually > 10 segments), usually filiform or monoliform, sometimes elbowed. Chewing mouthparts; but in bees maxillae and labium form a tongue-like structure for taking liquid food. Suborder Symphyta (not a monophyletic group) (Sawflies, horntails): Abdomen broadly joined to thorax. Hind wings with usually 3 basal cells. Phytophagous and solitary.• Sawflies(Tenthredinidae, Cimbicidae and others): Female ovipositor with rows of sharp teeth and compressed laterally (lay eggs in plant stems) - Larvae similar to Lepidoptera larvae(caterpillars), but have more abdominal prolegs (at least 6 pairs). Have only one stemmata (6 in caterpillars).
128Horntails - Siricidae: Large, with elongated cylindrical body. Last tergum in males and females with a small horn-like projection. Females with long ovipositor protected by ovipositor sheats.
129Pigeon tremex is a common eastern species of horntail. It is large (especially females, reaching about 5 cm), reddish-brown head and thorax, and abdomen black and yellow.
130uborder Apocrita (wasps, bees, ants): The petiole (the narrow connection (“wasp waist”) seemingly between the thorax and abdomen) is in fact the greatly narrowed connection between abdominal segments 1 and 2. The first abdominal segment is joined with metathorax. Hind wings with no more than two basal cells. Ovipositor is thin and cylindrical and sometimes very long - used to paralyze prey or as a stinging organ for defense. Various feeding habits.Parasitoid•Ichneumonids and Braconids - Superfamily Ichneumonoidea: Parasitoid wasps. Antennae with more than 16 segments. Size extremely variable. Females often with long protruding ovipositor (but most don’t sting). Large Ichneumonid wasp Megarhyssa with very long ovipositor and two additional tail-like filament used as ovipositor “guides”
131predatory and Solitary•Thread-waisted wasps - Sphecidae: Usually recognized by long, narrow, petiole. Black and yellow Mud-dauber wasp(Sceliphron caementarium) and Blue Mud-dauber wasp(Chalybion californicum) are common and easily recognized local species
132redatory and Social•Paper Wasps, Yellow jackets, Hornets - Vespidae: Often marked with black and yellow; wings folded longitudinally when resting. Paper wasps ( genus Polistes): Elongated and slender. Reddish-brown or black marked with yellow. Yellow jackets ( genus Vespula): The common black and yellow wasps. Usually with stockier, compact body than paper wasps.Hornets ( genus Dolichovespula): Similar to yellow jacket but black and white
133Pollen feeders – Solitary and Social•Bees (various families): First segment of hind tarsus enlarged and flattened. At least some hairs on thorax branched or plumose. - Honey bees, bumble bees - Apidae:S ocial bees.P ollen carried on corbiculae on hind tibia. Corbicula: smooth area on outer surface of hind tibia, bordered by fringe of curved hairs, which forms a pollen basket.
134Leaf-cutting bees - Megachilidae: Solitary bees. Pollen carried on scopa ( a dense tuft of hairs) on ventral surface of abdomen (rather than hind legs). Pollen packed into leaf tube made by the bee. See leaf tube in lab.
135Halictids - Halictidae: Small solitary bees. Many species with brilliant metallic green coloration, while others are small and dark colored. Wing with a strongly curved basal vein
136Ants - Formicidae: Winged (Queen or male) or wingless (female workers). Antennae elbowed. Abdominal petiole with 1-2 dorsal humps. Check ant diversity box: large ant with stinger (subfamily Ponerinae: South America)Formicidae is a large family with multiple subfamilies. The largest subfamilies are:Myrmicinae : Petiole with two nodes (petiole and postpetiole). Stinger usually present (may be retracted). Formicinae: Petiole with one hump-like node. Tip of abdomen fringed with setae. (e.g. Formica, Camponotus, Lasius)
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