Flashcards
Gender inequality
Cards in this deck (34)
- 1Gender inequalityUnequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
- 2Women’s rightsGlobal patterns of gender inequality closely linked to disparities in respect for women’s rights
Demonstrated by Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) devised by World Economic Forum (WEF) - 3ChallengesForced marriage/ child marriage
Trafficked into forced labour inc sex slavery
Access to education + healthcare
Employment opportunities + political participation
Wage equality for similar work to men
Violence against women
Reproductive health services - 4Denial of rights often derived from attitudes towards women by men + deeply rooted patriarchal norms2 Millenium Development Goals directed at improving the lives of women, female empowerment and gender equality
- 5UN established conventionsConvention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
+ working to strengthen rule of law and reinforce norms - 6International treaties, recommendations and declarations set out to protect rights of womenMany NGOs e.g. International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW) working within local communities
- 7ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS WHICH EXPLAIN VARIATION IN THE PATTERNS OF GENDER INEQUALITYEducational and employment opportunity
Access to reproductive health services - 8*Educational opportunity**
- 9Improvements in female enrolmentMDG to achieve universal primary education
- 10Girls suffer sever disadvantages and exclusion in poorer countries especially rural areasSub-Saharan Africa 30% females attend school
35% males
16.7 million girls out of primary education
Chad 2012 half as many girls as boys in secondary education 2012 - 11Key to achieving equality in all respectsHelps women move into labour market
- 12Countries with increasing parityTotal fertility rates, pop growth rates and infant mortality rates have fallen
Family health and child nutrition have improved + significant effect on poverty reduction - 13UN Girls’ Education Initiative (UNICEF lead), NGOs and MNCsNGOs education partnerships in poorer countries
MNCs - Corporate Social Responsibility - 14Factors affecting females in education in developing countriesCost
Household obligation
Patriarchal systems - female education only beneficial to family married into
Violence, exploitation and corporal punishment in classroom
Child labour and forced marriage
Insufficient government investment and inadequate legislation
Lack of role models - 15*Access to reproductive health services**
- 16Often social factors related to cultural practicesFemale genital mutilation (FGM)
Early forced marriage
Sexually transmitted diseases
Gender bias in education
Sexual violence
Lack of empowerment in family size/ spacing - 17Economically and socially disadvantaged women less likely to gain access to health services, education and become empowered to negotiate safer sex + decide number of childrenGirls in poor communities also early marriage and early pregnancy
- 18Developing countries 1 in 3 teenagers marry before 18 20,000 births to under 18s every dayVulnerable to poverty + exclusion, high MMR
- 19OHCHR and NGOsAmref Health Africa, Womankind
- 20*Employment opportunity**
- 21Labour Force Participation Rate significant global variationAfghanistan 0.197 (very limited female access)
Countries with high HDI higher but nine female-male parity
USA 0.82 - 22Factors affecting variationSocial norms e.g. women devote time to domestic care
Cultural beliefs and religion
Child care
Equal opportunities by law
Levels of employer discrimination
Sectoral structure of labour market
Gender- based norms shaping educational and job decisions of women and men
Social acceptance as women as contributors to income - 23CHILD MARRIAGE-
- 24Girls affected each day by child marriage41,000 +
- 25Child marriage affects fertility and population growthMarry earlier - have children earlier so more in lifetime
Girls who marry under 18 have 1.4 more children on average in Nigeria - 26Positive impacts of eradicating child marriageSmaller population - pressure on services + economic gains for households
Early childbirth increases risks of under 5 malnutrition and death
Impacts on maternal health, violence and mental health of child brides - 27Impacts on educational attainmentIn several African countries child marriage + early pregnancy account for 15-30% of drop-outs for girls in secondary school
Each additional year of delay in age of marriage increases likelihood of literacy by 5.6% - 28Effect on labour force participationHigher number of children in household
Lower educational attainment - reduced likelihood of formal employment
Child brides' mobility restricted
Associated with poverty - forced to work to provide for family - 29Impact on GNI if child marriage eliminated in NIger5.7% increase by 2030
lower population growth
benefits mainly experienced by poor - 30PLATFORM FOR ACTIONWomen empowerment
Equality between men and women - 31Government actionssigned by 189 governments
gender perspective integrated into policies and programmes + promote employment and provide services
reproductive health and rights (contraception)
policy reforms and mechanisms to address violence + laws to prosecute
quota systems/ voluntary agreements for women's leadership - 32Women's actions17,000 participants
30,000 activists
coming together to make sure voices heard
e.g. only female village leader Aceh, Indonesia
had to overcome challenges
advocate of female education - 33Areas of progressmore women in political offices
protected by laws against gender-based violence
164 country reviews
improved education - 34Areas still in need of improvementwomen earn less than men and more likely to work in poor-quality jobs
1/3 women suffer physical or sexual violence in lifetime
gaps in reproductive rights and healthcare leave 830 women dying in childbirth every day
individual countries e.g. Saudi Arabia
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- - Geography (Human rights) Flashcards on Gender inequality , created by Emily H on 09/12/2018.
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- Emily H
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