Flashcards
Principles of Behaviour Modification
Cards in this deck (44)
- 1What is the issue with many behaviours that owners find an issue?Are in the normal behavioural repertoire for animal itself
- 2What is 'normal'?Varies
- 3What are the problem behaviours?• Immediate response to fear provoking stimulus
• Anxiety about an uncertain or unpredictable environment
• Undesired behaviours which have been inadvertently reinforced
• Frustration associated with inability to show highly motivated or learnt behaviours - 4What are features of arousal?1• Fear and anxiety lead to increased arousal
- Low level – options reviewed, learning can occur
- High level – immediate response, interferes with learning
2• Conflict leads to increased arousal
- Two or more competing motivations, e.g., approach and retreat, tail wagging and growling
• Displacement behaviours shown when arousal increases
- Involuntary behaviours, e.g., lip licking, yawning, pacing - 5What is the connection between emotions and a sink?1• Sink = Brain
• Genetics, hardwire, early experiences
• Cannot be changed
2• Cold water = positive emotions
• Joy, social interactions, desire seeking, caring
3• Hot water = negative emotions
• Anxiety, fear, panic, grief, frustration, anger - 6How does the brain = sink work day to day?1• Filling the sink with water (emotions)
2• Conflicts
• Competing motivations
• Hot and cold = negative and positive
• Fiddling behaviours
3• Increased arousal
• Can reduce? (drain the sink)
• Exceeds capacity = flood - Displacement behaviours - 7What are the factors that affect behaviour?1• Genetic and developmental factors
• Species and breed-related effects
• Individual differences
2• Learning
• Continues throughout life
• Directs individual towards important aspects of their environment
• Sensitive periods for learning in different developmental stages - 8What are features of reducing arousal?1• Prevention / avoidance (close water taps)
• Stimulus control
• Management
• Environmental management
2• Improve (drain the sink)
• Behaviour modification
• Training – prior to exposure
• Relax, calm, settle, focus
• Medications - 9How do you diagnose?• P.E. / Neuro exam
• Medical causes behavioural or vice versa
• Altered mental state / function
• Systemic disease, Endocrine
• Pain, Sensory
• Lab, Imaging
• Behavioural History - 10How can history be used?• Identify eliciting stimuli
• What, where, when, who
• People & locations
• Body posture of pet
• Incidences ABC
• Progression, duration, frequency
• Previous treatment / response - 11What are the risk factors?• Owner / pet / environment
• Risk of injury
• Diagnosis / Preventability
• Bite characteristics
- Multiple – Impulsive – Bite inhibition
- Bite severity – no warning – bite
• Predictability
• Victim - Target
• Previous treatment - treatability - 12What is the environmental management?• Prevention
• Environmental optimisation
• Minimise / avoid stimuli
• Caution - 13What is the pretrain?• Pet control – verbal, head halter
• Reinforcement based
• Lure / reward
• Reinforce desirable – shape – add cue
• Marker (e.g., clicker)
• Prompt and reinforce
• Focus, heel, settle, mat
• Stimulus avoidance - 14what is the reward selection?• Reinforcer assessment
• Withhold, motivate
• Contingent, contiguous
• Preserve reinforcers
• “Jackpot” - 15How should you reduce arousal?• Punishment is contraindicated (can aggravate aggression)
• Regular, consistent interactions with owners
• Avoid creating conflicts
• Reinforce confident approach
• Calming exercises
• De-arousal routine - 16How can you settle exercise?• Teach the dog to sit and stay
• Associate and reward relaxed facial expressions and body postures
• Vary locations and time of day
• Add in mild distractions - 17What is the de-arousal routine?1• Situations can be overwhelming
- Multiple triggers simultaneously
- Emotional factors
- Context
- Owner
2• Cannot learn when highly aroused
- Low dopamine, serotonin, GABA
- High noradrenaline
3• Limit stimuli
4• Focus attention
5• Reduce physiology
6• Calm environment
7• Training session: Training is a tool not a goal
8• Feeding toys
9• Chews - 18What change do owners looks for?• Looking for simple
• Understanding
• Application
- Reducing undesirable behaviour vs teaching desirable - 19What are the principles of behaviour modification?• Learning theory
- Habituation
- Sensitisation
- Associative learning
i. Classical conditioning
ii. Operant conditioning
• Aim: change the animal’s emotional response to the problem situation - 20What do you have to consider when designing a behaviour modification protocol?1• Specific “problem” behaviour
• Predictability, avoidability
• Specific context and predictive cues for animal
• Owner ability to implement
• Practicalities of environment
2• Address any other factors
• Other causes of stress/anxiety
• Medical problems - 21What other factors can influence emotional state?• Unpredictable environment
• Owner inconsistency
• Lack of control over environment
• Level of physical / mental stimulation - 22What can improve chances of success?1• Increase consistency of owner interactions: Control of Attention
2• Predictable environment
- Routine
- Control
3• Specific events / disruption
• Moving house
• Marital strife!
• Environmental factors - 23What is the control of attention programme?• Owner starts and finishes all interactions: Attention used to reinforce desired behaviour
• No response to attention seeking
• Increases consistency: Response from owner is predictable
• Can increase the animal’s confidence and reduce dependency on owner - 24How do you improve chance of success?• Increase mental and physical stimulation
- Provide exercise/mental stimulation to reduce frustration
• Psychoactive medication? - 25What is the end goal for the owner?‘stopping the unwanted behaviour’
- 26What is the issue with trying to simply 'stop' an unwanted behaviour using punishment?• Likely to be ineffective: animal may find alternative behaviour
• Compromises welfare
• Can be dangerous
• Breaks the human animal bond - 27What is the end goal?• Change animal’s emotional response to stimulus
• Change the animal’s motivation to show the behaviour - 28What can be classed as a good reinforcer for each animal? (operant conditioning)• Food
• Play / toy
• Owner attention
• Conspecific contact
• Avoiding perceived aversive situation - 29What is a cue for new behaviour?1• Discriminative stimulus
2• Clear signal for new behaviour
• Visual or verbal?
• Owner or elsewhere?
• Previously used cues? - 30How can you build a new response?• Away from situations of threat / low emotional arousal
- Build up level of ‘distraction’
• Consistent reward to start with
- May develop intermittent schedule
• Generalise response
- practice in multiple contexts - 31What are features of threshold?1• When the problem begin
- When the animal starts showing behaviour changes when exposed to a
specific trigger
- Emotional threshold is earlier, often covert
2• Physical changes
- Tense body, rigid movements
- Conflict signs
- Fight, flight, freeze - 32What are behaviour modification?• Punishment
• Extinction
• Habituation
• Flooding
• Response substitution
• Systematic desensitisation
• Goal: Counter-conditioning - 33What are features of counter-conditioning?• Changing emotion NOT behaviours
• Classical conditioning
• Can be applied with or without behaviour modification
• The goal of each behaviour modification programme - 34What are features of punishment?• Owners want to stop undesirable
• May reduce undesirable
• Can increase fear
• Can increase aggression
• If ineffective must escalate
• Ethical concerns
• Does not teach desirable! - 35What are features of extinction?• The withdrawal of reinforcement
• All reinforcers must be identified and removed till behaviour ceases!
• Fastest with continuous reinforcement
• Longest with intermittent reinforcement
• Extinction burst – temporary increase
• Can lead to frustration
• Does not teach desirable - 36In order of intensity give training methods.- Flooding
- Response substation
- Desensitisation
- Habituation - 37What are features of habituation?• Repeated exposure to a stimulus that lead to decreased response
• Neutral / Innocuous stimulus – pet fearful
• Introduction to trigger below threshold
- No response of the animal
• Provide no consequence
• The animal “gets used to” the trigger
• Low grade fears
• Ideal for very young animals during socialisation - 38What are features of Flooding (response prevention)?• Exposure to a fear evoking stimulus with no consequence
• Prevent escape
• Stimulus not withdrawn until the pet habituates
• Experience stimulus in a non anxious state
• Not recommended for extreme fears or control level - 39What are features of response substitution?• Focus on finding desired behaviour to reinforce
• An alternative to existing behaviour
• Operant conditioning
• Must obtain end goal
• Use treats, lead, hands, head halter, harness, muzzle
• End on positive note - 40What are features of desensitisation?• Begin subthreshold
• Place the stimulus along a gradient
• Gradual exposure to the stimulus at levels that do not evoke fear
• Pet habituates – progress to new threshold - 41How can desensitisation and counter-conditioning be used?• Must be combined for effective resolution
• Stimulus gradient (low to high)
• Gradual exposure: begin below threshold
• Counter-condition
• Identify new threshold / level
• Progress - 42What are features of exposure exercise?• Response substitution: Real life
• Desensitisation: Ideal life
• Counter-conditioning - 43What are features of medications?• Modify pet – high arousal does not learn
• Reduce panic, anxiety, fear, arousal
• More amenable to training / learning
• Long term: SSRI, TCA
• Situational: Anxiolytic - 44How can you monitor progress?- Telephone
- Revisit
- Home visit
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- 4. Neurology & Clinical behaviour (SA clinical behaviour - Sagi Denenberg) Flashcards on Principles of Behaviour Modification, created by Rachael Jones on 23/01/2019.
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- Rachael Jones
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