Flashcards
Introduction_Mycology
Cards in this deck (10)
- 1What are fungi?- Fungi are eukaryotes
- More closely related to animals than plants
-Heterotrophs
-Have tough cell walls
-Have chitin in their cell walls
-Have ergosterol in their cell membrane
-Feed by absorption
-Reproduce mainly by spores - 2Describe the evolution of fungi?1. Chytridiomycota: water-living
2. Microsporodia
3. Zygomycota
4. Glomeromycota
5. Basidiomycota
6. Ascomycota - 3Examples of how fungi can be useful1. Edible fungi: Chanterelles, black morrel, truffles, penny buns, field mushrooms
2. Baker's yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae- brewing, wine making and baking
and Asperigillus oryzae used in Japan for making fermented rice products such as sake, botrytis cinera-used to make sweet dessert wine.
3. Penicillum species are used in cheesemaking, rhizous is used to make tempeh-cakes made from fermented soybeans, an important source of proteins in indonesia. Quorn, vegemite/marmite.
4. Industrial used: Aspergillus niger- used in industry to make citric acid.
5. Antibiotics: Penicillum chrysogenum
6. Fungi can also be used to synthesise many enzymes: milk processing, amylase, cellulase, detergents.
7. Important in the environment- can degrade lignin (very though to degrade: has many bencyl rings)- therefor is important in resisting carbon loss in the carbon cycle of nature. Also important in the paper industry.
*Also a lot of negatives: Pathogenic to animals and plants, especially immunocompromised individuals. Destroy wood houses etc.
- 4Describe the characteristics of budding yeast1. The daughter cell is always smaller than the mother cell
2. A bud scar is formed for each cell division, you can therefor count the number of offspring the mother cell has
3. Cell wall of budding yeast has I. Chitin in the cell wall II. Ergosterol in the cell membrane. *The chitin is hidden by manno-protein from the immune sysem, ofc the manno-protein then instead triggers for instance the complement system, but this the fungi can typically handle.
- 5Describe the characteristics of filamentous fungi- Fission division instead of budding
- Fungal growth occur at the hypheal tip
-Increasing wall-cross linking rather than actin-cytoskeletton linking
- Lipid vesicles are transported from the golgi apparatus to the tip
- 6Why is the vacuol an important organelle?- Nutrient storage
- Regulates intracellular pH
- Regulates metal ion concentrations
- Degrades many macromolecules and toxins
- Turnover of proteins and entire organelles
-Homolog of lysosome in animals
- 7How does fungi reproduce? Life cycle?1. Most fungi have two haploid cell types determined by the MAT (mating type locus)- mating types are inherited at this locus at the allele. There are two types of alleles- the apha/a allele.
Two different mating type genotype haploid cells-can mate and form a diploid cell type--> - 8Why use fungi in research?- Asexual and sexual reproduction systems
- Haploid and diploid cell stage
- Short life-cycle
- Closely related to animals; cell-life cycle is very similar to ours
- Relatively small genome
- Easy to use shuttle genome
- Easy to knock out genes - 9Four important fungal species1. Budding yeast: Sachromyces cerevisiae first eukaryotic genome sequenced, first eukaryote with shuttle plasmid, gene targeting (knock out) invented in yeast, all 6000 yeast genes knocked out.
2. Fission yeast: Schizoaceromyces pombe all genes now knocked out. Gene targeting now used. Genome sequenced. Plasmids can be used. Noble prize- Paul Nurse.
3. Neurospora crassa- orange bread mold
4. Aspergillus nidulans - 10Examples of research area within fungi- Aging--> starvation
--> chronological- and replicative aging
Starvation= living longer
Nutrient signaling i yeast, demonstrates that food sources such as phosphate, glucose and nitrogen- activates phosphate kinases which phosphorylates downstream cascade and promotes transcription of related genes.
When not consuming food sources- other genes are transcribed- these promotes longer survival. Starvation has been demonstrated to promote longer life in rheus monkeys, mice and fungi. In vitro, rapamycin can be added to fungi when exposed to food sources- will inhibit activation of phosphate kinases but still allow the satisfactory benefits of eating.
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- Flashcards on Introduction_Mycology, created by university life on 24/01/2019.
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