Flashcards
A & P Lab Exam 2
Cards in this deck (156)
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- 3Cerebrospinal fluidproduced by ependymal cells and cerebellum cells of choroid plexus
Extracellular fluid component of nervous system - 4Choroid Plexusproduces cerebrospinal fluid
located in lateral ventricle - 5—
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- 11Cerebrumresponsible for conscious control
largest portion - 12Cerebral HemispherePrimary integrative center of brain
Contains basal nuclei (islands of grey matter- control skeletal muscles) in white matter - 13Longitudinal Fissureseparates cerebral hemisphere
- 14Olfactory Bulbreceives axons of olfactory nerves from nasal cavity
- 15Olfactory Tractconnects olfactory bulbs to olfaction centers of brain
- 16Cerebral Cortexouter layer of cerebrum
consists of gray matter - 17Gyrus & SulcusPlural: Gyri & Sulci
ridges- gyri
grooves- sulci
increase surface area - 18Fissuredeep crack
divide cerebrum into lobes - 19Corpus Callosumconnects right and left cerebral hemispheres
forms roof of lateral ventricles - 20Fornixforms floor of lateral ventricles
primary outgoing pathway from hippocampus - 21Lateral ventriclePaired w/ another lateral ventricle
contains choroid plexus
separated by septum pellucidum - 22Interventricular Foramenmakes lateral ventricles continuous with third ventricle
- 23Gray Matterlocated on periphery in brain
made up of neuron cell bodies - 24White Matterlocated at core in brain
made up of axons and dendrites of neurons
myelin- white color - 25Diencephalonconnects cerebral hemispheres to brain stem
consists of epithalamus, thalamus, & hypothalamus - 26Epithalamusroof of third ventricle
contains pineal gland - 27Pineal Glandlocated on posterior of epithalamus
endocrine gland that secretes melatonin
involved w/ regulation of sleep-wake cycle & some aspects of mood - 28Thalamusmajor relay station of ascending sensory info- filters out some signals
contains many different nuclei - 29Intermediate Masscommissure connecting right and left lobes of thalamus
- 30Optic Tractleads from optic chiasma to terminate in lateral geniculate body
- 31Lateral Geniculate Bodyimportant visual relay station
initial processing of visual info - 32Medial Geniculate BodyAuditory relay station
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- 34Hypothalamusintegrates neural and endocrine functions
crucial to homeostatic regulation - 35Mammillary Bodypaired structure which forms caudal (posterior) end of hypothalamus
Olfactory relay station - 36Pituitary Glandimportant neuroendocrine "master" gland wedged into sella turcica (middle indent area in skull)
connects to hypothalamus by infundibulum - 37Brain StemConsists of midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, & medulla oblongata
Connects spinal cord to higher brain centers
responsible for lower involuntary functions of brain - 38Midbrainalso called mesencephalon
consists of corpora quadrigemina and cerebral peduncles - 39Corpora Quadrigeminatwo pairs of nuclei: Superior and Inferior colliculi
Project from Dorsal surface of midbrain - 40Superior Colliculuspart of corpora quadrigemina which is part of midbrain
visual reflex center- coordinate head and eye movements when tracking moving object - 41Inferior Colliculuspart of corpora quadrigemina which is part of midbrain
Auditory relay center and integration center for certain auditory reflexes - 42Cerebral Aqueductconnects third and fourth ventricle
separates corpora quadrigemina from cerebral peduncles - 43Cerebral PedunclePaired structure bulging from the ventral surface of midbrain
contain corticospinal motor tracts descending towards spinal cord - 44Ponsconsists of fiber tracts: 1. surface fibers (transverse fibers & trapezoid body)- run transversely, connect w/ cerebellum 2. Deep Fibers- run longitudinally, form ascending/descending tracts
involuntary control of breathing - 45Transverse FibersForms large bulge on ventral surface of pons
fibers from middle cerebellar peduncles - 46Medulla Oblongataphysically connects brain to spinal cord
all tracts (up & down) run through here
regulation of vital body functions- cardiovascular and respiratory control - 47Cerebellumcoordination of muscular contraction to allow smooth movements
- 48Cerebellar hemispheresright and left lobes of cerebellum
communicates with brain stem via cerebellar peduncles
anterior to midbrain
posterior to medulla
middle to pons - 49vermismedian section of cerebellum
appearance of segmented worm - 50Arbor Vitaewhite matter of cerebellum
"tree of life" - 51Cerebellar Pedunclestracts thats allow cerebellum to communicate with cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord
- 52Olfactory Nervesensory
sense of smell - 53Optic Nervesensory
vision - 54Oculomotor NerveMotor
motor impulses to 4 of 9 extrinsic eye muscles - 55Trochlear Nervemotor
motor impulses to superior oblique muscles of eye - 56Trigeminal NerveMixed
sensory info from head and face
motor signals to chewing muscles - 57Abducensmotor
motor impulses to lateral rectus muscle to abduct eye - 58Dura MaterOutermost, protective layer of brain
helps partition brain - 59Arachnoid Matermiddle layer
spider web
thin layer of tissue spanning grooves on brain surface - 60Subarachnoid Spacelocated directly beneath arachnoid mater
filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid
contains large blood vessels - 61Pia Materdelicate inner layer
follows ridges and grooves of brain - 62Dorsal Hornsposterior portion of "H" in spinal cord
contain nerve cell bodies of interneurons
communicate w/ spinal nerves via dorsal roots - 63Dorsal Rootscontain sensor fibers carrying info towards CNS
- 64Dorsal Root Ganglionsmall bulge in dorsal root containing cell bodies of sensory neurons
- 65Ventral HornsAnterior portion of "H" in spinal cord
contain nerve cell bodies of motor neurons that control skeletal muscles
enlarged in cervical and lumbar regions - 66Ventral Rootsaxons of ventral horn motor neurons leave spinal cord via these roots
- 67Lateral Hornslocated only in the regions of spinal cord where neurons of sympathetic division of the autonomic NS are present (thoracic and upper lumbar)
contain nerve cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons - 68Gray Commissurecrossbar of "H" in spinal cord
connects gray matter of each half
transmits info from one side of spinal cord to the other - 69Central Canallocated at center of gray commissure
contains ependymal cells-produce CSF
runs length of spinal cord & continuous with ventricles of brain - 70Cervical Enlargementregion on spinal cord where nerves to upper appendages branch off
- 71Lumbosacral Enlargementregion on spinal cord where nerves to lower appendages branch off
- 72Cauda Equinaassemblage of spinal nerves branching from lumbar enlargement and medullary cone region to serve lower appendages
- 73Conus Medullaristerminal end of spinal cord
- 74Filum terminaleextension of meninges from medullary cone to coccygeal region
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- 76Fibrous Tunic Layerconsists of sclera and cornea
- 77Vascular Tunic Layerconsists of choroid, ciliary body, & iris
- 78Nervous Tunic Layerconsists of retina and pigmented epithelial layer
- 79Superior Rectus Muscleelevate and adduct eye
innervation: oculomotor nerve - 80Inferior Rectus Muscledepress and adduct eye
innervation: oculomotor nerve - 81Lateral Rectus Muscleabduct eye
innervation: abducens nerve - 82Medial rectus Muscleadduct eye
innervation: oculomotor nerve - 83Superior Oblique Muscledepress and abduct eye
innervation: trochlear nerve - 84Inferior Oblique Muscleelevate and abduct eye
innervation: oculomotor nerve - 85Corneatransparent portion of fibrous tunic
curved to bend light as it enters eye - 86sclerawhite of eye
continuous with cornea
helps maintain shape of eye
attachment site for extrinsic eye muscle - 87Choroidposterior portion of vascular tunic
contains many blood vessels and dark pigments to absorb light - 88Ciliary Musclesmooth muscle of ciliary body
controls shape of lens - 89Ciliary Processextensions from ciliary muscle
attach to suspensory ligaments - 90Suspensory Ligamentsattach ciliary processes to lens
- 91Lenstransparent to allow light to pass through
performs final fine focusing of light rays - 92Irismost anterior portion of vascular tunic
colored portion of eye - 93Pupilhole in iris
allows light to enter - 94Pigmented Epithelial Layersingle layer of dark pigmented cells
separates retina from choroid - 95Retinaconverts light into neural signals that are sent to brain
firmly attached to optic disc - 96Macula"dark spot on retina"
contains only cones (color vision) - 97Fovea Centralispit at center of macula
contains highest concentration of cones
sharpest vision site - 98Optic DiscBlind spot
point of convergence of neurons from throughout retina to become point of origin of optic nerve - 99Posterior segmentspace posterior to lens
filled with vitreous humor - 100Anterior Segmentspace anterior to lens filled with aqueous humor
- 101Anterior chamberchamber of anterior segment
space between cornea and iris - 102Posterior Chamberchamber of anterior segment
space between iris and lens - 103Neural Layer of Retinanervous cells:
1. photoreceptors
2. bipolar cells
3. ganglion cells - 104Photoreceptors of Neural Layeroutermost layer
rods- nightvision
cones- color vision
receive stimulus from light - 105Bipolar Cells of Neural Layermiddle layer
numerous rows of nuclei
conduct electrical signals generated by rods and cones to ganglion cells - 106Ganglion Cell Layer of Neural Layerinnermost layer
sparse row of nuclei
generate an action potential and transmit it to brain
axons converge to form optic nerve and optic disc/blind spot - 107Auricleouter shell of skin and cartilage attached o side of head
collects and directs sound waives into external acoustic meatus/external auditory canal - 108External Auditory Canal or External Acoustic Meatuscanal extending about 1 inch into temporal bone
terminates at tympanic membrane/ear drum - 109Tympanic membranepart of outer ear
ear drum
sound waves cause this to vibrate at frequency equal to the wave - 110Ossiclessmall bones in middle ear
- 111Malleusoutermost ossicle
attached to tympanic membrane
"hammer" - 112Incusmiddle ossicle
- 113Stapesinnermost ossicle
fits into oval window
transmits vibrations to oval window - 114Nasopharynxuppermost part of the pharynx
connects to middle ear - 115Pharyngotympanic tubeconnects middle ear to nasopharynx
opens during yawning and swallowing to allow ear to "pop" - 116Vestibulecentral portion of osseous labyrinth
contains oval window - 117semicircular canals3: anterior, posterior, and lateral
branch off vestibule
help maintain equilibrium - 118Cochleabranches off vestibule opposite semicircular canals
coiled bony tube w/ 3 fluid-filled chambers
functions in hearing - 119Scala Vestibulibegins at oval window, continuous w/ vestibule
top/innermost layer of cochlea
filled w/ perilymph - 120Scala Tympaniterminates at membrane covered round window
bottom/outer part of cochlea
filled with perilymph - 121Scala MediaCochlear duct
middle part of cochlea
filled with endolymph - 122Vestibular membranethin membrane separating scala media and scala vestibuli
- 123Basilar Membranethin membrane separating scala media from scala tympani
- 124Organ of Cortispiral organ
located in scala media
lies on basilar membrane
contains receptor(hair) cells of hearing - 125Hair CellsSensory cells in Organ of Corti
have cilia on borders - 126Vestibulocochlear nervenerve fibers from cilia of hair cells in Organ of Corti become part of this nerve
"behind" cochlea - 127Tectorial Membranegelatinous like membrane
forms canopy over hair cells - 128Conduction Deafnesstransmission of sound waves through middle ear to oval window in impaired
- 129Sensorineural Deafnesstransmission of signals from the hair cells in the organ of corti to the auditory cortex in impaired by damage to one of more components on auditory pathways
- 130General vs. Special SensesGeneral: pain, temp, touch, pressure, vibration, and position
Special: vision, smell, hearing, taste, and balance - 131Tactile vs. Lamellated CorpusclesTactile: touch receptor, near the papillary layer
Lamellated: deep pressure receptor, in dermis or hypodermis - 132Two-Point Discrimination Thresholdto determine receptive field in different areas
using caliper, what distance between the two points when the subject can feel them both - 133Snellen Methodmeasures visual acuity
V=d/D
V= acuity
d= distance at which letters can be read by subject
D= distance at which letters can be read by a normal eye - 134Myopianear-sightedness
V=small #/bigger # - 135Color Blindnesscongenital visual defect resulting from a deficit of one or more types of cones (blue, green, and/or red)
- 136Astigmatismresulting from irregularities in cornea and/or lens which cause some portions of and object to appear clear while others appear blurry
- 137Photopupillary Reflexwhen the amount of light entering the eye increases
decrease in size of pupil - 138Consensual Responsereflex occurs on one side of the body when the other side was stimulated
- 139Rinne Test: Positive in both ears Weber Test: No lateralizationNormal hearing
- 140Rinne Test: Positive in both ears Weber Test: Lateralizes leftsensorineural deafness in right ear
- 141Rinne Test: Positive in both ears Weber Test: Lateralizes rightsensorineural deafness in left ear
- 142Rinne: Left Ear Negative Weber: Lateralizes leftconduction deafness in left ear
- 143Rinne: Left ear Negative Weber: lateralizes rightboth sensorineural deafness and conduction deafness in left ear
- 144Rinne: Right Ear Negative Weber: Lateralizes leftBoth sensorineural and conduction deafness in right ear
- 145Rinne: Right ear negative Weber: lateralizes rightconduction deafness in right ear
- 146Lateralization in earsound is louder
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