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Flashcards

Physiological and Pathological factors in Behaviour Changes

Rebecca Hitchman 2 Clinical Veterinary Science English 56 cards

Cards in this deck (56)

  1. 1How does Disease affect Behaviour?- altered motivation
    - sickness behaviour
    - effect on CNS
    - Effect on any level of chain between stimulus appraisal and response
  2. 2How does Altered motivation affect behaviour?- if animal's motivation to obtain important resources/ meet its needs is altered due to a medical problem, then its behaviour will also be altreed
  3. 3Give an example of a disease that causes altered motivation- Diabetes mellitus:
    is associated with PU/PD /PP
    Behavioural consequences:
    + inc. food search
    + aggression to get highly valued food and water
    + irritability due to fatigue
    + inappropriate urination due to animal urinating more if owners do not take dog out more often
  4. 4How does Pain cause altered motivation?As animal will be motivated to protect the painful area e.g.:
    - altering gait
    - defensive aggression
    - avoiding contexts ass. w/ pain e.g. playing w/ other dogs
    - motivation to move/jump may be reduced
    Even if pain is removed, behaviour may have become learnt e.g. cats avoid litter tray due to previous cystitis
  5. 5What behaviours may decr. due to sickness?- general activity
    - exploration behaviour
    - play behaviour
    - social interaction
    - maintenance behaviours e.g. grooming, eating, drinking
  6. 6What behaviours may inc. due to sickness?- sleeping, resting
  7. 7How do medical problems have an effect on the CNS leading to behavioural changes?Conditions can either directly or indirectly affect the brain and potentially cause behaviour changes.
    - Direct: depends on location of lesion in brain rather than cause of lesion e.g. tumour, partial seizure
    - Indirect: Brain is v. sensitive to metabolic and hormonal changes e.g. hepatic encephalopathy, uraemic encephalopathy and hypothyroidism
  8. 8Which areas of the CNS affect behaviours?Neurologica/ Central/ Peripheral: neurological affecting behaviour
    Sensory: hearing, sight, odor
    Altered response to stimuli: activity
    Social interactions: aggression, avoid, clingy
    Focal seizures/ repetitive/ episodic or behaviour
  9. 9What are Medical Neurological deficits?- altered mentation
    - circling
    - head pressing
    - seizures
    - emesis
    - sensory deficits
    - lethargy
  10. 10What are Behavioural Neurological deficits?- Animality (personality) changes e.g. fear & anxiety
    - Mood changes: aggression, avoidance
    - Altered responsiveness
    - Memory loss: house-soiling, CDS
  11. 11Define Cognitive Decline?When the response to the following decreases:
    - activity, play, response to commands, fears & phobias, interest in walks, eating and chewing, vocalize, soiling, breed typical behaviours
  12. 12What does CDS stand for?Cognitive dysfunction syndrome:
    - altered response to stimuli
    - Deficits in learning and memory
    - Confusion/ senility
    - Clinical signs: DISHA
    The only definitive diagnosis is through PM therefore would rule out other causes first
  13. 13What does DISHA stand for?Disorientation (D)
    Social interactions (I)
    Sleep/wake (S)
    House soiling (H)
    Activity (A)
    Anxiety/Agitation
    Learning and memory
  14. 14How does a behaviour occur and therefore what does it depend on?As a consequence of internal appraisal of external stimuli
    depends on:
    - the external stimuli
    - the animal's perception of the stimuli
    - factors that influence appraisal
    - ability to display behaviour
  15. 15What is an example of a disease that can change the sensory perception of a stimuli?e.g Otitis
    - are conditions affecting sense organs
    - abnormalities in sensory nerve pathways,
    - abnormalities in sensory areas of brain
  16. 16What is an example of a disease that can change the appraisal of the stimuli?oestrogen
  17. 17What is an example of a disease that can change the emotional response to the stimuli?concurrent pain
  18. 18What is an example of a disease that can change the motor output following the evaluation of the stimuli?neuromuscular disease
  19. 19What is an example of a disease that can change the ability to show behaviour to the stimuli?osteoarthritis
  20. 20What conditions can affect the sense organs?Vision: cataracts, PRA, glaucoma, keratoconjunctivitis sicca/ corneal ulceration
    Hearing: otitis externa, otitis media
    - Olfaction: URTIs
    Taste: URTIs, oral disease including gingivitis
    Touch: sensory neuropathies
    Balance: vestibular disease
  21. 21What are abnormalities in sensory nerve pathways (sensory neuropathy) that can cause behaviour changes?- Changes in pain perception:
    + perception of pain without a painful stimulus (allodynia)
    + perception of touch when none is present (paraesthesia)
    + inc. sensation to tough (hyperaesthesia)
    - Ataxia/ proprioceptive abnormalities
    - other neurological signs
  22. 22What sort of behaviour may occur due to abnormalities in sensory cortex e.g. ectopic focus/ partial epileptic seizures?Visual cortex -> visual hallucinations e.g. imaginary fly- catching behaviour
    - Apparent repetitive/compulsive behaviours e.g. acral lick dermatitis, other repetitive licking/ self-mutilation behaviours, tail-chasing/ spinning
  23. 23What other CNS problems can cause behaviour changes?- influences on limbic system activity
  24. 24What Neurological conditions affect motor output?- Motor cortex: ectopic focus - fixed action 'tics'
    - Spinal damage: loss of bladder tone
    - Motor nerves: diabetic polyneuropathy
    - Neuromuscular junctions: myasthenia gravis
  25. 25How is a Stimulus Appraised?- invovles multiple areas of brain and multiple processes including arousal, cognitive processing, memory formation and retrieval
    - Medical conditions will affect specific areas and influence aspects of appraisal and response e.g. retrieval of memory from hippocampus
    - Others will have diffuse effects across multiple brain regions e.g. hormones and amino-acids w/ multiple receptor sites
  26. 26What is teh role of oestrogen on the brain?- has a diffuse action across brain
    - influences threshold of response
    - acts at multiple sites within cells at membrane receptors
  27. 27Will Spaying a bitch help with behaviour issues?If behaviour is specific to part of oestrogen cycle then spay may help- probably won't if behaviour is constant
  28. 28How does Testosterone influence behaviour?- Sensitises androgen/ oestrogen brain receptors: can inc. aggression (likelihood & intensity)
    - Can affect genomic translation: changes metabolites (proteins and neurotransmitters), modulate neuronal activity
    - Acts on pheromone (5-Alpha- dehydrotestosterone, estradiol) which can inc. marking behaviour
  29. 29How can testing if castration will help prevent the behaviour be tested?- Use of implants: if the implant works then can castrate
  30. 30What chemicals are released when dogs and cats (rare) have hyperandrenocorticism?- CRF, ACTH, Cortisol
    - Dopamine epinephrine, serotonin, prolactin
    Acting on the CNS areas: Locus Ceroleus, Autonomic nerve systems, HPA
    Has wide spread physiological effects especially on flight or fight system.
  31. 31What are the Physiological sings of Hyperadrenocorticism?- PU/ PD/ PP
    - inc. heart rate
    - immunosuppression
    - dermatological
    - supressed negative feedback
  32. 32What are the Behavioural signs of hyperadrenocorticism?- house soiling
    - aggression
    - restlessness
    - signs related to disease
    - irritation
    - fear and anxiety
  33. 33What are the Physiological effects of Diabetes Mellitus/ Diabetes Insipidus?- PU/PD
    - Worsening hyperglycemia
    - Changes in appetite
  34. 34What are the Potential Behavioural changes due to Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes insipidus?- House-soiling
    - Restlessness
    - Depression/apathy
    - Aggression/ pica
  35. 35In dogs with behaviour problems and hypothyroid, which chemical was higher?Those with higher TT4 had more behaviour problems
  36. 36What Behaviour signs are linked to Canine Hypothyroid?In early stages: fear
    - hyperactivity
    - poor learning
    - anxiety
    - aggression to family members
  37. 37What behaviour changes may occur due to Feline Hyperthyroidism?- Accelerate metabolism: heart rate, hypertension, dry mouth, trembline
    - Vocalisation
    - Night time walking
    - Inc. irritability
    - Aggression
    These are proven links.
  38. 38What Physiological things happen due to Dermatological causes?- hair loss
    - pruritus
    - Pain
    - Inc. skin permeability
  39. 39What Behavioural changes can occur due to Dermatological disease?- heat seeking
    - irritability
    - self trauma
    - compulsive behaviour
    - withdrawal/ depression/ avoidance
    - stress/ anxiety
  40. 40What are medical causes of Acral Lick Dermatitis?- lymphoma
    - mast cell tumour
    - Bacterial,
    - Sporotrichosis
    - Leishmaniasis
    - Kirschner pin
  41. 41What are Other causes of Acral Lick Dermatitis?- Pruritis,
    - Food intolerance
    - Neuropathic pain
    - Deep pyoderma- long term ABs
  42. 42What affects the ability of the animal to show behaviour?Muscular problems: myopathies
    Skeletal: various form of joint disease
    Pain
  43. 43What are the types of pain that cause behaviour modification?Current pain: direct response to pain eliciting stimulus. Effeect of emotional component of pain on appraisal of other stimuli
    Previous pain: learnt avoidance response
  44. 44What types of pain are there?- adaptive vs. maladaptive
    - acute vs. chronic
    - localized vs. generalized
    - possible masking of pain (due to fear of new location)
    - poor correlation at times
    - species dependent
  45. 45What changes might occur due to pain?- new behaviour
    - avoidance
    - vocalization
    - temperament
    - mobility
  46. 46What should be assessed in clinic to assess pain?- demeanor
    - posture
    - gait
    - interaction
    - physical exam
    - not always consistent
  47. 47What is the pathophysiology of localised pain?- local reflexes (e.g. withdrawal)
    - opiates, endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins
    - all lead to localised hypoesthesia/ anaesthesia
    - Self-rewarding mechanism (as releasing more inflammatory mediators to numb the pain)
  48. 48What is the pathophysiology of systemic pain?- Brain: thalamus to somatosensory cortex, prefrontal, anterior cingulate cortex, amydala, insular cortex
    - Inflammatory reaction
    - Changes in transmitters
    - Complexed behaviour
    - Feedback/reward
  49. 49What is the Stress Response?Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
    Sympathetic Nervous System
    Parasympathetic Nervous System
  50. 50How can the effect of stress be limited?- Identify and address the cause of stress:
    if pain: analgesia, anxiety and fear: provide predictable routine, remove problem stimuli or change animal's perception w/ desensitisation and counter-conditioning
    Frustration: provide enrichment, allow animal to show species specific behaviours
    - Allow animal to show coping strategy e.g. hide or climb
  51. 51How should behaviour problems cause by underlying medical causes be treated?- treat underlying disease
    - treat learned behavioural component with behaviour modification
    E.g. dog who has become dog-dog aggressive due to oesteoarthritis
  52. 52How can medical or behavioural problems be differentiated?- some dogs may have medical problems and unrelated primary behaviour problems
    - some medical problems can be cause or exacerbated by factors such as stress/anxiety
    - Some medical problems can cause behaviour changes that persist after the medical problem has gone due to learning: these have now become behaviour problems
  53. 53When is the behaviour suspected to be a medical problem?- changes suddenly esp. in a mature animal
    - does not "fit" the animal's history or environment
    - dose not have an obvious learning-related cause
    appears to be: unpredictable and/or inconsistent and abnormal
  54. 54What is a Normal behaviour?- starts in response to an obvious stimuli
    - changes in response to events and/or consequences
    - ends when the stimulus has gone
    - has some adaptive function for the animal
  55. 55What is an Abnormal behaviour?- may be no obvious stimulus
    - may be excessive/ less than expected in response to a particular stimulus
    - may last for longer than expected
    - may have no obvious ending
    - no obvious adaptive function for the animal
  56. 56How should the owner proceed if the underlying medical condition cannot be treated/cured?- Means the prognosis for improving the animal's behaviour will be poorer and may need to be managed rather than treated
    - Should avoid problem situations
    - Safety strategies e.g. muzzles, stair-gates

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2 Clinical Veterinary Science (Behaviour Medicine and Management) Flashcards on Physiological and Pathological factors in Behaviour Changes , created by Rebecca Hitchman on 28/02/2019.
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