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Social Issues and Ethics Chapter 2 Flash Cards
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- 1What is true about Social Contract theory and Kantianism?Both are rule based
Both are classified under Objectivism philosophy - 2Describe similarities and differences between rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism.Act utilitarianism is measuring the net gain in happiness for one situation for all parties, not just one person.
- 3Rules of conduct that are based on societal values and describe what people ought and ought not to do in various situations are calledMorality
- 4Ethics is: (name 4 attributes)1. a branch of philosophy
2. A study of standards of "right" and "wrong"
3. a rational examination of people's moral values
4. a continuous effort to make sure our moral values are up to solidly-based standards - 5The idea that social and economic inequalities must be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society is calledthe difference principle
- 6According to Aristotle, deriving pleasure from a virtuous act is a sign that youhave developed the virtue
- 7What are some core values that we all share1. Life
2. happiness
3. Ability to choose and accomplish goals - 8Definition: Association of people under a system of rules (laws) that benefit members over time.Society
- 9Definition: Values shared within a community/society (What people should do/Not do in various situations)Morality
- 10Ethics is about voluntary choices based on which 3 things1. Rational examination of morality
2. Evaluation of people's behavior
3. Logical arguments that are persuasive to an open-minded audience - 11What is Ethics1. The study and dev. of standards of right and wrong. (rights, obligation, benefits to society, or specific virtues)
2. A continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and conduct to ensure that we live up to standards that are reasonable - 124 things the Ethics is NOT1. religion
2. law
3. Cultural traditions
4. Science - 132 reasons why we study Ethics1. A way to help us do the right thing
2. Think logically and independently about moral issues - 14Define Subjective Relativism And is it a workable Theory? Which ethical theory category?"Each person defines what is wrong or right. No universal norms."
NOT workable
Relativism
All points of view are equal and ethical debates are pointless (For)
No distinction between right and desire. - 15Define Cultural Relativism Is it workable? Which ethical theory category?Right and wrong depends on society's moral guidelines (tradition)
NOT Workable
Relativism
Guidelines vary form place to place and from time to time.
Social contexts require different guidelines (case for)
Societies do share certain core values. Does not explain how moral guidelines are determined (case against) - 16Define Kantianism, who came up with it, and which ethical theory What are the rules? What are they called?Actions should satisfy universal moral rules derived through a reasoning process
Immanuel Kant
The only thing in the world that is good without qualification is a good will.
2 formulations (Categorical imperative)
1. Act only from moral rules that can be universal moral laws
2. Act so that you treat yourself and others as in themselves and never as a means to an end. - 17Under Kantianism define perfect duties define imperfect duties give examples of bothPerfect duties: must be fulfilled in every instance (telling the truth
Imperfect duties: must be fulfilled but not in every instance and by various means (helping others) - 18What is the rational behind KantianismProduces universal guidelines
- 19In a case of conflicting duties. Which duties takes precedence?perfect duties
- 20Is Kantianism workable? Why?Kantianism is a workable theory based on logical reasoning
culture neutral
Treat all humans equally - 21Define Divine Command Theory Is it a workable theory?Good and Bad actions defined by God through scriptures
good is the creator and ultimate authority (args for)
based more on obedience/faith rather than logic (args against)
Not a workable theory - 22Define Social Contract TheoryEach person may claim a “fully adequate” number of basic rights and liberties, so long as these claims are consistent with everyone else having a claim to the same rights and liberties
Any social and economic inequalities must satisfy:
1. Any social and economic inequalities must satisfy
2. Be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society (the difference principle) - 23Which ethical theory is most like Social Contract Theory? What are arguments for? Against?Like Kantianism, it is based on moral rules derived through rational process
Args for:
1.Uses language of Rights and contracts/agreements/policies
2. Provides clear analysis of certain citizen or government problems (jail)
Args against:
1. Conflicting rights problems (abortion)
2. May unjustly treat people who cannot uphold contract (hungry stealing to eat - 24Define under "Social Contract" Negative rightNegative right: A right that another can guarantee by leaving you alone (free expression)
- 25Define under "Social Contract" Positive rightPositive right: A right obligating others to do something on your behalf (education K-12)
- 26Define under "Social Contract" Absolute rightAbsolute right: A right guaranteed without exception (right to life)
- 27Define under "Social Contract" Limited rightLimited right: A right that may be restricted based on the circumstances (higher education)
- 28Under social contract theory which rights seem to be more limited and which tend to be more absolutePositive rights tend to be limited
Negative rights tends to be more absolute - 29Is Social Contract Theory a workable theoryYes! second workable theory
- 30Which ethical theories fall under Objectivism?Kantianism, Divine Command and Social Contract
- 31Which ethical theories fall under RelativismSubjective and Cultural Relativism
- 32The ethical theories that fall under ConsequentialismEthical Egoism
Act and Rule Utilitarianism
Virtue Ethics - 33Define Ethical Egoism and the arguments for and against it"Right action is that which provides one’s self with maximum long term benefit. Focus on self-interest only."
Better to let one take care of themselves. Practical (arg for)
Self interest can lead to immoral behavior (arg against)
NOT Workable - 34Define Utilitarianism (Act and Rule)Ethical Theory that focuses on the consequences and not intent.
More benefits than harm: action is good/happy/pleasurable
More harm than good: action is wrong/bad/evil/painful - 35What is the principle of utilitya principle in relation to Utilitarianism.
also known as the Greatest Happiness principle
Right increases happiness and wrong decreases happiness of all affected parties. - 36State the arguments FOR Act UtilitarianismPractical
Focuses on Happiness/benefits which we all pursue
Compatible with ethical point of view - 37Arguments AGAINST Act Utilitarianism Is it a workable Theory?Requires too much work. (who will be affected? what outcomes to include, how likely, what cost to assign…)
Ignores sense of duty or obligation (keeping a promise)
Ex: Pledge to help a charity but not follow through after cost/benefit analysis
The problem of moral luck (unintended consequences)
Yes, workable theory - 38What makes Rule Utilitarianism different for ActAct is turned into a moral rule that, if followed by everyone, will lead to increase in total happiness
Act Utilitarianism applies principle of utility to individual actions
Rule Utilitarianism applies principle of utility to actions as moral rules - 39What other theory is like Rule UtilitarianismLike Kantianism, it is rule based
- 40What are arguments for and against Rule Utilitarianism?For:
1.Easier to perform (less bias)
2. Moral rules survive exceptional situations (Avoids the problem of moral luck)
Against:
1. Hard to quantify some actions (wildlife habitat...)
2. Conflict may arise between principle of justice and principle of utility - 41Is Rule Utilitarianism a workable Theory?Yes, It is the fourth theory
- 42Kantianism, utilitarianism, social contract theory focus on...Actions (single or rule)
consequences, duties, rights - 43What are main things that Virtue ethics focuses on?CHARACTER
Moral wisdom
family and social relationships
Emotions
Moderation - 44What does Aristotle has happiness?Happiness results from living a life of virtue
- 45how is Intellectual virtue developed?developed through applying science and art
- 46How is Moral virtue developeddeveloped by applying virtuous acts
courage
fairness
generosity
honesty
... - 47how do you know you have acquired a virtue?You derive pleasure from the virtuous act
- 48What ethical theory is a good compliment to Virtue Ethics?Utilitarianism
- 49What are some weaknesses of Virtue Ethics?Does not provide a process for decision making
May undermine attempts to hold people accountable - 50Is Virtue ethics a workable theory?YES. Our fifth one
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- Social Issues and Ethics in CS Flashcards on Social Issues and Ethics Chapter 2 Flash Cards, created by James Herd on 04/03/2019.
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