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Flashcards

Biology 243: Midterm Flashcards

Natasha Gidluck Science English 66 cards

Cards in this deck (66)

  1. 1PromoterThe site on DNA where RNA polymerase binds
  2. 2OperatorThe site on DNA where transcription factors bind
  3. 3General Transcription FactorsA class of proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA to activate transcription
  4. 4ActivatorsEnhance the interaction between RNA polymerase and a particular promoter, encouraging gene expression
  5. 5EnhancerActivators bind to these sites and cause DNA to loop in a certain way that brings a promoter to an initiation complex and subsequently enhances gene transcription
  6. 6RepressorsProteins that bind to the operator and impede RNA polymerase progress, and therefore impede gene expression
  7. 7SilencersBound by repressor proteins in order to silence gene expression. It can be upstream or downstream of the promoter
  8. 8SNURPSSmall, nuclear, rubonucleoproteins that are a combination of RNA and proteins. They recognize sequences that signal the start and end of areas that need to be spliced
  9. 9Post-Transcriptional RegulationRegulation once DNA has been transcribed into mRNA. Only occurs in eukaryotes and helps stabilize the RNA and prevent it from getting degraded
  10. 10ExonsCoding sections of DNA and corresponding RNA that make it into the finished mRNA
  11. 11IntronsNon-coding sections of DNA and corresponding RNA that do not make it into the finished mRNA
  12. 12SpliceosomeA complex molecular entity that:
    binds on either side of an intron
    loops the intron into a circle
    cleaves off the intron
    ligates the cut ends of the exons and joins them together
  13. 135' CapChanges at the 5' (phosphate) end of the mRNA tat protects it from exonucleases, regulates nuclear export and promotes ribosomal binding.
  14. 143' poly-A-tailChanges at the 3' (hydroxyl) end of the mRNA that includes the polyadenylation (addition of adenine bases) of the mRNA which buffers against exonucleases and prevents degradation. Helps with transcription termination
  15. 15RNA EditingThe regulated insertion, deletion, or substitution of bases in the mRNA strand during post-transcriptional regulation
  16. 16Transcriptional UnitThe length of DNA that will be transcribed into an RNA molecule
  17. 17TATA BoxSequence at the 5' end of the DNA that helps enzymes locate sites to bind to on the strand
  18. 18Alternative SplicingThe process of selecting different portions of mRNA to be used as exons in a mature mRNA
  19. 19microRNAFirst transcribed as a long RNA molecule, which forms base pairs with itself and folds over to make a hairpin and is then cut up and fragmented. Mature miRNA either:
    —binds perfectly to a sequence on mRNA and causes the cutting of that strand
    or
    —does not bind perfectly to a sequence of mRNA and prevents translation of that strand
  20. 20Translation InitiationThe assembly of the ribosome on the mRNA as well as the tRNA carrying methionine and translation factors
  21. 21Elongation FactorsA protein breaks up the high energy bonds of the molecule GTP to provide energy for ribosome movement and elongation of a growing polypeptide chain
  22. 22Release FactorA protein that causes a finished polypeptide chain to be freed from the ribosome
  23. 23Initiation FactorA protein that binds to mRNA to initiate translation
  24. 24Shine-Dalgarno SequenceThe internal sequences in prokaryotes that the initiation complex is formed at
  25. 25Polycistronic mRNAA single molecule of mRNA that codes for several polypeptides in prokaryotes
  26. 26OperonThe functioning unit of DNA that is under the control of a single promoter and contains the region of DNA including that promoter, the operator, and the coding sequence for several genes in a cluster
  27. 27PhosphorylationAdding a phosphate group to a protein to either activate or deactivate it
  28. 28MethylationAdding a methyl group to a protein to either activate or deactivate it
  29. 29AcetylationAdding a acetyl group to a protein to either activate or deactivate it
  30. 30UbiquitinationProteins are tagged for degradation when the chemical marker ubiquitin is added
  31. 31ProteolysisThe breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids by breaking their peptide bonds. A process catalyzed by proteases
  32. 32ProteaseAn enzyme that breaks down proteins and polypeptides
  33. 33ProteosomeProtein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins marked with ubiquitin by proteolysis
  34. 34EpigeneticsThe study of changes due to modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code
  35. 35KinaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high energy phosphate-donating molecules to substrates (like phosphorylated proteins)
  36. 36Chromatin RemodelingThe process in which the nucleosomes are repositioned to expose different stretches of DNA
  37. 37NucleosomesA beadlike, repeating unit of histone proteins wrapped with DNA which makes up the 10mm chromatin fibre
  38. 38Histone TailsA string of amino acids that protrudes from a histone protein in the nucleosome
  39. 39Histone CodeThe pattern of modifications of the histone tails that affects the chromatin structure and gene transcription. It can be modified with post-translational processes like acetylation, methylation or phosphorylation
  40. 40CpG IslandsA cluster of CpG sites on a DNA strand where cytosine is adjacent to guanosine. The p represents the phosphate
  41. 41Cytosine MethylationHeavy cytosine methylation can result in transcriptional repression, and can change due to environmental factors or stresses, meaning the gene can turn on or off
  42. 42Lytic Cycle1. Bacteriophage attaches and injects the viral genome into the cell
    2. Degradation of the host genome (destroys host DNA)
    3. Replication of viral genome and synthesis of viral proteins
    4. Assembly and release of bacteriophages and the death of host cell
    5. New viruses continue the cycle
  43. 43Lysogenic Cycle1. Bacteriophage attaches to the cell surface of bacterial cell
    2. The DNA of the virus is injected into the cell
    3. The viral DNA integrates into the host DNA
    4. The integrated viral DNA replicates when host DNA replicates
    5. Environmental changes may cause the viral DNA to become active and use the lytic cycle
  44. 44Frederick GriffithFocused on bacterial transformation while trying to develop a vaccine against pnemonia and had R strains and S strains
  45. 45R StrainR bacteria form colonies with a rough appearance that are non-virulent and do not cause pnemonia
  46. 46S StrainS bacteria form colonies with smooth edges that are virulent and cause sickness. They are protected from the immune system by a sugary coating
  47. 47Transforming PrincipleThe thing that allowed R strained bacteria to become virulent, and is actually DNA!
  48. 48Avery, Macleod, and McCartyDid experiments to identify the transforming principle by seeing if the strains transformed after destroying RNA, proteins, and DNA
  49. 49Hershey and ChaseVerified the transforming principle by seeing how it was injected by viruses into cells. Labeled DNA with phosphorous and proteins with sulfur and looked for the isotopes after the viruses injected
  50. 50Endogenous DamageProblems internally, most likely with metabolic functions
  51. 51Exogenous DamageDamage from external, environmental factors
  52. 52EndonucleaseCleaves phosphodiester bonds in the middle of the chain for base excision repair
  53. 53ExonucleaseCleaves the phosphodiester bond at the ends of the chain as seen in mismatch base repair
  54. 54Nucleotide Excision RepairUsed when there are multiple mismatched or damaged bases in a strand
  55. 55Post-Replication Mismatch RepairCorrection of a mismatched base in a DNA strand by cutting it out and replacing it
  56. 56Base Excision RepairAn incorrect DNA base and its sugar are removed
  57. 57GlycosylaseUsed in base excision repair to recognize and remove the damaged base
  58. 58ProofreadingThe process by which DNA pol. 3 can immediately correct their ow errors by excising and replacing a base
  59. 59WobbleThe base pairing with the third nucleotide in a codon that allows non-complementary pairings and therefore allows for degeneracy of the genetic code
  60. 60PCRPolymerase Chain Reaction
    Denaturation
    Primase anneals
    Elongation of nucleotides
    Double the amount of strands we began with
  61. 61Reverse TranscriptionOnly occurs in viruses with RNA as their genome so they can convert it to DNA to infect a host cell. RNA transcriptase has a poor proofreading function
  62. 62Dosage CompensationA mechanism by which a species maintains the same level of gene expression between sexes by either inactivating or activating a sex chromosome
  63. 63CDKsCyclin-dependent kinases are always present but are only activated when bound to cyclins. They can phosphorylate a protein called RB
  64. 64RB ProteinWhen phosphorylated, it cannot inhibit DNA replication
  65. 65p53A gene that codes for a protein (CDK) that regulates the cell cycle
  66. 66Cell Cycle RegulationTwo checkpoints:
    1. Damage checkpoint at G1/S phase so that DNA replication can occur
    2. Checkpoint for cell division G2/M phase so mitosis can occur

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The in-depth terms for concepts I did not fully understand.
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Natasha Gidluck
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