Flashcards
Microbial Diversity
Cards in this deck (71)
- 1PhotptrophsUse energy from sunlight
- 2ChemotrophsUse bond energy from chemical reactions
- 3OrganotrophsOrganic compounds used as electron donors
- 4LithotrophsUse inorganic compounds as electron donor, includes O2
- 5AutotrophsUse CO2 as C source
- 6HeterotrophMetabolise organic compounds for C source
- 7MixotrophUse both CO2 and Organic compounds for C source
- 8Phylum ProteobacteriaDiverse, 460 genera, some symbiotic, some free living some pathogenic, nitrogen fixing.
Gram Negative
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE OUTER MEMBRANE
S layer - 9Purple BacteriaSulphur and non sulphur. Pigmented. Photoautotrophs, some heterotrophs. Photosynthesis on membrane due to being prokaryotes, anaerobic. Mot fix N. Can break down waste and recycle Nutrients. Meromictic lakes, accumulate elemental S
- 10RickettsiaObligate parasites. Pleomorphic. Ancestor of Mitachondia
Typhus: carried by lice
Rocky mountain spotted fever: carried by ticks - 11RhizobiumFixes N in legumes, mutualistic relationship.
- 12E. ColiGram negative, rod shaped, facultative anaerobe. Live in lower GI tract of animals. Can be used to detect fecal contamination, fermentation. Some pathogenic. Model organism
- 13Ideonella SakaiensisBreaks down plastics (PET)
- 14Proteobacteria examples (5)Purple bacteria, E. coli, Rickettsia, Rhizobium and Ideonella Sakaiensis
- 15Phylum FirmicutesMostly gram positive. Diverse morphology and physiology. Bacilli and spiral shaped. Anaerobic and aerobic. Mainly heterotrophic, some phototrophs.Low G-C
PRODUCE ENDOSPORES - 16MycoplasmasNo cell wall, variable shape. Tiny, 0.2-0.3 um
Obligate parasites. Cause disease in human respiratory and genital tract. Cause flax yellow disease and cabbage tree decline - 17ClostridialesAnaerobic. Some gram positive some negative. Diverse habitats: marine, soil, sewage, animal Gi tract. Fix N in soil. Some break down PCE and some used in research for biofuels. Pathogens: Botulinum, perfringens and tetani
- 18Bacillatesstaphylococcus aureus. COmmon commensal bacteria which can cause infection. Multi drug resistant strains.
- 19LactobacillalesEnterococcus, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus
- 20EnterococcusDiplococcus. Facultative anaerobes. Some are commensals in human gut. Some are probiotic. Can cause infection
- 21LactobacillusRod shaped, facultative anaerobes, Common commensals in human gut
- 22StreptococcusCommensals in human gut. Used for cheesemaking. Some species pathogenic, pyogenes causes pneumonia and toxic shock.
- 23Firmuculates examples (4)Mycobacterium, Clostridiales, Bacillates and Lactobacillates
- 24Phylum ActinobacteriaGram positive, mostly aerobic. Many produce mycelia. High G-C. EXTERNAL SPORES. Common in soil, some animal parasites, some produce antibiotics
- 25ArthrobacteriumSoil saprophytes (live on dead stuff). Coryneform (no spores). Can reduce chromium levels in contaminated soil. Some pathogenic - diptheria
- 26MycobacteriumThick cell walls, tolerant to antibiotics. Rod shaped, hard to culture - long time to replicate. Pathogenic: TB, leprosy
- 27Actinobacteria Examples (3)Mycobacteria, Streptomyces and Arthrobacter
- 28Phylum CyanobacteriaFormerly considered blue/green algae. Aerobic. Related to gram positive bacteria. Various shapes: rod, cocci and filamentous. Mostly aquatic. Photosynthetic and nitrogen fixing. Some thermophilic.
- 29Cyanobacteria significanceImportant for global nitrogen fixation: C, O and N. Component of Cryptocrusts. Ancestor of Chloroplasts.
- 30Phylum SpirochaetesLong, slender helical shape. Most are free living. Some are symbiotic in animal guts. Some are pathogenic - syphilis, lyme disease (via ticks) and Leptospirosis (animal urine)
- 31Phylum BacteriodetesObligate anaerobes, gram negative, rod shaped. SPHINGOLIPIDS OF MEMBRANES
Mammalian gut symbionts - 32Bacteriodetes exampleFlavobacterium:
Aerobic, gram negative, rod shaped. Commensal in soil in water, pathogenic in fish: Rainbow trout fry syndome - 33Phylum ChlorobiGram negative
Example: Green sulfur bacteria. Oxidise H2S to S, similar to Purple bacteria, but use Chlorosomes so more efficient. Thermophilic, found in low oxygen areas. - 34Archaea chemosynthesisHydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis, different to bacteria but not unique to archaea. Light not needed for C fixation
- 35Three groups of ArchaeaExtreme thermophiles (Hot, tolerate H+)
Extreme Halophiles (Salty)
Methanogens - 36MethanogensAnaerobic, produce Ch4, live in low O2 areas (estuaries and marshes) and animal or ruminant guts. Break down organic molecules to methane.
ethane used as biofuel and to detoxify waste. - 37ProtistsUsually single celled, lack specialised tissues.
Algae: Plant like
Protozoan: Animal like (includes slime moulds)
Does not include fungi and multicellular red/green algae - 38Chromalveolates (6)Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Cryptosporidium, Ciliates, Diatoms and Oomycota
- 39Dinoflagellates characteristicsPhotsynthetic algae, some bioluminescent. Some also mixotrophic and eat prey. few are parasitic. All aquatic, marine and freshwater
- 40Dinoflagellates anatomyTwo flagella, cell wall with cellulose armour plates (theca)
Have peduncle for grabbing and eating prey - 41Dinoflagellates life cycleMostly asexual. Have a sexual phase in unfavourable conditions. Zygote forms cyst and germinates when conditions improve. Symbiotic with coral, fix carbon in exchange for shelter.
- 42Dinoflagellates toxicityCause red tides / algal blooms
Can accumulate in shellfish to toxic levels
Algal blooms consume a lot of O2 killing other aquatic animals - 43ApicomplexansAll are animal parasites
Spread disease via sporozites
Triple cell membrane
Apical complex to penetrate host
Apicoplasts synthesise fatty acids
Complex sexual and asexual life cycle
Includes plasmodium (malaria sp.) - 44CryptosporidiumLives in contaminated water, resistant to Cl2 due to triple membrane. No apicoplast
- 45Ciliates (Paramecium)Abundant in aquatic environments. Heterotrophic, some symbiotic with algae. Ciliated.
Mouth = cytosome
BINUCLEATE: macro and micro nuclei
Sexual and asexual.
Vorticella and Stentor (examples) - 46DiatomsPhotosynthetic - algae
Aquatic. Have SiO2 covering (frustules joined by cigulum)
Diverse, important phytoplankton. Oxygen producing and carbon fixing - 47OomycotaUsed to be considered fungi. Have aseptate threats, large multinucleate organism. Saprophytes and plant parasites, caused late potato blight and kauri dieback
- 48Oomycota reproductionAsexual: sporagia release motile zoospores.
Sexual in unfavourable conditions via gametangical copulation: antheridium attaches to oogonium to produce oospores - 49Excavates (3)Euglenids, Diplomonads and Trichomonads
- 50EuglenidsMostly freshwater. Autotrophs, heterotrophs and parasites. Asexual.
Energy storage: PARAMYLON. 1-2 flagella, PARAXIAL ROD. Photosynthetic, have photoreceptors.
Trypanosoma brucei - 51DiplomonadsNo mitochondria or chloroplasts, have MITOSOME (no DNA).
Two equal sized nuclei. Anaerobic, multiple flagella, live in GI tract of animals
Giardia - 52TrichomonadsAlso lack Mitachondria. Single nucleus, 3-5 flagella. Parasitic.
Trichomonas vaginalis - 53Unikonts (3)Amoebozoa, Mycetozoa and Choanoflagellates
- 54AmoebozoaSoil or aquatic. Free living. Some symbiotic, some parasitic. Unicelluar, LACK FLAGELLA. Movement via pseudopods (blunt or lobed)
Amoebic meningitis - 55MycetozoaSlime moulds
Amoeba like trophic stage. Spore bearing reproductive phase. Fungal and animal like. Predator of other microbes: yeast, cyanobacteria, algae.
Causes plant diseases
Sexual reproduction - 56ChoanoflagellatesNot diverse, only ~150 sp.
Aquatic heterotrophs
Collar flagellates
Important in food chain
closest unicell to metazoans - 57RhizariaAmboeba-like but pseudopods are filose or reticulate. May have shells or skeletons
Cercozoa: Filous
Foraminifera: Reticulate - 58Fungi (Mycota) Ecological importanceDecomposers of lignin and cellulose
mycorrhizal associations
Endophytes - 59Fungi: Human importanceAntibiotics, food, disease
- 60Fungi: CharacteristicsNon photosynthetic
Chitin and Glucan cell wall
Heterotrophic
Spore forming
Sexual an asexual
Usually haploid - 61Fungi MorphologySingle celled (yeast), multi celled (hypha, mycelium, thallus)
Gametangia, sporangia, conidia and sporocarp - 62Major fungal groups (5)Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota - 63ChytridiomycotaPrimarily aquatic
Zoospores (flagellated gametes)
mostly saprophytes, some parasitic
Aseptate hypha - 64ZygomycotaProduce zygospores via sexual reproduction
Have sporangia
Aseptate hyphae
terrestrial
Commensals, decomposers, parasites.
Bread and fruit mould - 65GlomeromycotaHave arbuscular mycorrhiza, penetrates vascular plants cortical calls and form arbuscles
- 66AscomycotaConidia (specialised sporangia) common, single celled or hyphal (septate)
Produce ascospores in asci in ascocarps (body) in sexual phase.
Yeast, truffles, black apple spot - 67Types of asocarps (3)Apothecia (cup)
Cleistothecia (enclosed)
Peri/pseudo/pseudoperi thecia (flask) - 68BasidiomycotaProduce basidiospores on basidia Septare hypha. Prolonged dikaryon phase. Ecologically significant decomposers and plant pathogens. Undergo clamp connections for nuclei migration.
Mushrooms, corn smutt, puffballs and rusts. - 69Algae (kingdom plantae, group archeoplastida) (2)Red algae and green algae
- 70Green algaeChlorophyta
Freshwater, seawater and terrestrial. Phycobionts in lichen. Some are filamentous or colonial. - 71Red algaeRhodophyta
Multicellular marine algae (seaweed)
Significant in coral reef development, a habitat for other organisms.Primary producers, make gels and food for humans
Information
- Description
- 196.213 Flashcards on Microbial Diversity, created by Kelly Chamberlain on 10/03/2019.
- Created by
- Kelly Chamberlain
- Views
- 7
- Rating