Flashcards
Philosophy Test Chapter 2: Human Nature
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1PlatoRationalist who believed essence precedes existence and the ability to reason is the highest feature of human beings. Believed that man is a dual creature.
- 2VoltaireFrench writer who debated whether acquiring knowledge is something human beings desire by nature (he said yes), and wrote the Good Brahmin.
- 3AristotleMen have superior reason to women and should rule over women. Was an existentialist 9all entities have intrinsic properties which can be discerned by reason).
- 4Women are inferiorAristotle, Augustine of HIppo, Immanuel Kant, Georg W.F. Hegel.
- 5John Stuart MillMill's ideas about human nature are recorded in his book, "Utilitarianism". A being of higher faculties desires more to make him happy.
- 6Thomas HobbesBelieved that humans are egoistic, aggressive, greedy, competitive, anti-social and vain.
- 7Joseph ButlerHuman nature includes benevolence, people have a desire to do good deeds but human nature also has a measure of self-interest. Butler's ideas about human nature are recorded in his book "Fifteen Sermons Preached at Rolls Chapel"
- 8MengziBelieved the urge to conform to Li (ritual principles and obligations) is built into human nature. Evil exists b/c some people do not cultivate their innate goodness.
- 9Xun-ZiPeople are born with feelings of envy and hate. Those who lack something become envious and evil deeds are a result of jealousy.
- 10ConfuciusTeacher of Mengzi and Xun-Zi.
- 11Sigmund FreudSaid that humans have innate drives focused on sex and aggression. Relief can only be achieved by the selfish satisfaction of desires.
- 12Simone de BeauvoirFeminist existentialist who was Sartre's lifelong lover. She founded and co-edit "Les Temps Modernes" (Modern Times).
- 13Jean Paul SartreAtheist who believed that existence comes first essence is created by defining yourself after coming into existence. Opposite of Plato and the Greeks.
- 14Soren KierkegaardRejected social conventions and traditions, believed that resisting social angst is futile.
- 15Carl RogersPeople are growth-oriented and progressive when conditions are favorable. Humans become aggressive when alienated from their basic nature.
- 16B.F. SkinnerAmerican psychologist who believed that humans are organic machines which are programmed by their environment to act in a certain way (behaviorist).
- 17AltruismUnselfishness
- 18EgoismSelfishness
- 19Human NatureCharacteristic qualities that make humans different from any other species/anything else.
- 20EssenceThe fundamental nature of a thing - what makes the thing what it is.
- 21BenevolenceA desire to do good for others.
- 22ExistentialismFocuses on individual autonomy and making reasoned decisions for oneself. Existentialists deal with human existence - the problems humans face and the place of humans in the universe.
- 23EssentialismReason I the most important and distinguishing feature of human beings; reason is true knowledge. Essentialists believe that every entity has a set of attributes necessary to function.
- 24MaterialismView of human nature that thinking and reasoning are NOT proof of a mind at work.
- 25BuddhismFounded by Siddhartha Gautama in the late 6th century BCE. Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed or permanent and change is always possible.
- 26LiA term associated with Mengzi meaning ritual principles and obligations based on social position.
- 27Tripartite Theory of the SoulReason, Spirit, Appetite.
- 28Theory of RecollectionExpresses the belie that the soul is immortal and constantly changing. No identifiable characteristics can endure over time, belief in the individual causes insecurity and anxiety.
- 29MenoDialogue in which Meno asks Socrates "What is the self?". Socrates replies, "knowledge must be recollected" (theory of recollection).
- 30The Good BrahminStates that he is never able to understand what produces thought. Unhappiness is the result of his unsuccessful search for answers to some of the main questions of philosophy.
- 3115 Sermons Preached at Rolls ChapelA rebuttal to the Leviathan, written by Joseph Butler.
- 32"I have been studying 40 years wasted, I teach others, yet I know nothing"Voltaire
- 33"Man is nothing but what he makes himself." "Man will do nothing... he must count on no one but himself."Jean Paul Sartre
- 34"Aren't you ashamed to be unhappy at a time when right at your door there is an old automation who thinks of nothing and who lives happily."The Good Brahmin
- 35"I stick my finger into existence - it smells of nothing."Soren Kierkegaard
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- Flashcards on Philosophy Test Chapter 2: Human Nature, created by Kasper P on 22/03/2019.
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