Flashcards
Psychology - Cognitive
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1Short Term Memory (STM)Stores info for brief periods of time
Has a limited capacity and can only hold a few items at a time
20-30 seconds duration
Encoded acoustically - 2Long Term Memory (LTM)Holds a vast quantity of info that can be stored for long periods of time
Cannot quantify certain number - no upper limit
Can last a lifetime
Encoded sematically (primarily) - 3Multi-Store ModelAtkinson, RC & Shiffrin
Structural model
Serial model - 4Describe the MSM
- 5Strengths of MSM Case StudyEvidence: Has more than one store which are qualitativly different
Example: HM/Clive Wearing. Clive cannot make new memories (has a 7 second STM and no LTM)
Futher: Not Unitary Store - 6Strengths of MSM Experimental EvidenceGlanzer + Cunitz 1966
Found acoustic interference effects STM as rehersal was prevented
Rehersal necessary to transfer to LTM
Shows the 2 stores were different - 7Weakness of MSM TheoryChunking
Individuals can remember more when items are chunked to have meaning
Contradicts MSM as STM and LTM can work together efficiently not as seperate stores - 8Weakness of MSM ExperimentalCraik + Lockhart 1972
Participants recalled more words when processed sematntically
Not how much, but how meaningful
MSM is limited, levels of processing theory has more explanatory power - 9Describe Working Memory Model (WMM)
- 10Describe the Central ExecutiveNo Storage Capacity
Directs Attention to Tasks
Allocates Tasks to Slave Systems - 11Describle the Phonological LoopSlave System
Handles Auditory Information
2 parts:
Phonological Store
Articulatory Control System - 12Descibe Visuo-Spatial SketchpadSlave System
Spatial Tasks
Limited Capacity - 13Describe the Episodic BufferSlave System
Holds Information from Other Stores
Combines Information - 14Strengths of WMM Experimental EvidenceBaddely 1973
Found it was difficult to perform a tracking task alongside an imagery task but easier with a verbal task. The two tasks overloaded the visuo-spatial sketchpad. However the verbal task used the phonological loop. Shows there are different slave systems. - 15Strengths of WMM Case StudyKF Case Study
He suffered brain damage leading to his verbal imformation being impaired however his visual memory was uneffected. Supports the idea of seperate stores within the STM - 16Strengths of WMM Biological EvidenceNeuro imaging found verbal and non-verbal processing occurs in different hemispheres of the brain. Physical evidence for seperate stores.
- 17Weaknesses of WMM Central ExectutiveWe know the least about the cenxecutive which is the most important componant. E.G. we know it has a limited capacity but we don't know how much
- 18Weaknessess of the WMM FalsifiablityModel is not fasifiable so it isn't a true scientific theory
- 19Weaknesses of WMM Musical MemoryIt can't account for musical memory. Both supposedly processed by phonological loop so music would act as articulatory suppression for verbal tasks - but it doesn't
- 20EWT: Causes of inaccuracies AnxietyLeads to narrow attention and weapon focus
- 21EWT: Causes of inaccuracies Post event misleading informationLeads to interference to original memory trace
- 22EWT: Causes of inaccuracies YoungPoorer memory due to:
Lack of Schemas
Poorer Retention
Suseptibility to Misleading Infomation - 23EWT: Causes of inaccuracies ElderlyPoorer memory due to:
Poorer Retention
Greater Suspetibility to Misleading Info. - 24Cognitive Interview Technique Geiselman 1985
- 25EWT: Interviewing ElderlyEncourage attention to detail - cognitive interview - less suseptible to weapon focus so memory of peripheral details may be better
No misleading q's - prone to retroactive interference - including false details - 26EWT: Interviewing ChildrenInterview soon after - EWT suffers as strorage interval increases
Audio/Video tape 1st time - can detect changes in testimony
Open (not leading) q's - researcher effects/demand characteristics
Only ask each question once - children think their answer is wrong so change it - 27Why Cognitive Interview helps recall?Avoids leading q's - less prone to interference/distortion
Discriminates between orgininal and post event infomation - highlights inconsistencies, contradictions, incorrect memories
Stimulates dormant neurones - this accessing new details
Provides cues - jog memory, access details - 28Everyday Memory Improvement: Elaborative RehearsalNot maintenance 'rote' rehearsal
Rehearse information - make links/meaningful
Can be achieved in many ways - Organisation - catagories, conceptual hierarchies - 29Everyday Memory Improvement: Encoding Specifity PrincipleMemory also being stored in the context of where it occured and may be triggered by elemnts of context being presesnt
Two types - context dependent retrival and state dependent recall - 30Everyday Memory Improvement: Context dependent retrievalMemories recalled better when in the same location
- 31Everyday Memory Improvement: State Dependent RecallInternal Environment affects retrival
(mood, pysiological state) - 32Everyday Memory Improvement: Retrieval cuesMemories linked to the context which existed at time of learning
- 33Everyday Memory Improvement: Visual MneumonicsMneumonics = memory improvemnts techniques based on encoding information in special ways
Good mneumonics - Good encoding technique, Strong memory trace established, effective retrieval cues - 34Everyday Memory Improvement: Mneumonics - Method of LociImagine a familiar place and relate recall items to locations/items in that place
- 35Everyday Memory Improvement: Mneumonics - Peg word methodRemember items rhyming with numbers
Relate rhyming words with recall items
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- Flashcards on Psychology - Cognitive , created by EvieRoughley on 02/12/2014.
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