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Anatomy 5# Exam

Akasya Benge Anatomy I English 133 cards

Cards in this deck (133)

  1. 1Central Nervous System (CNS)Brain and spinal cord
  2. 2Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)​Somatic nerves​
    Autonomic nerves
  3. 3Somatic nervesUnder voluntary control from stimulus (skeletal muscles)
  4. 4Autonomic nerves​Under involuntary control (organs and glands)​
    Sympathetic division
    Parasympathetic division
  5. 5Sympathetic divisiongenerally stimulates activity
  6. 6Parasympathetic divisiongenerally inhibits activity
    Exception to these rules – digestive system
  7. 7Neurogenesis​The production of new nerve cells​
    Thought for years that no new neurons are produced after birth​
    Recently been proven incorrect​
    Stress inhibits the production of new nerve cells (lab animals are under lots of stress)
  8. 8Glial Cells (Neuroglia)​90% of the CNS and 50% of the brain volume is made up of glial cells (there are four types of glial cells)
  9. 9AstrocytesSupport & nourish neurons​
    Forms the blood-brain barrier​
    Many other regulatory functions​
  10. 10MicrogliaSecretes nerve growth factors​
    Help fight bacteria
  11. 11Oligodendrocytes​a glial cell similar to an astrocyte but with fewer protuberances, concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system
  12. 12EpendymalProduce the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)​
    Can function as nerve stem cells​
  13. 13Thresholdcritical trigger point​
    The a.p. is an “all-or-none event”
  14. 14Propagationimpulse carried along the axon
  15. 15Absolute Refractory Periodanother a.p. cannot be generated (from threshold to the middle of repolarization)
  16. 16Relative Refractory Periodanother a.p. can be generated (with a stronger stimulus, after the midpoint of repolarization)
  17. 17Conduction velocityhow fast the a.p. travels
  18. 18Axon diameterlarger the diameter, the faster the a.p.​
  19. 19Degree of myelinationhow much myelin there is
  20. 20Saltatory conductionelectrical impulse seems to jump from node to node
  21. 21Neural SignalingOccurs at the synaps
    Communication between nerve cells is usually electrical and communication between a nerve cell and something else is usually chemical
  22. 22Presynapticwhere the signal stops
  23. 23Postsynapticwhere the signal begins
  24. 24Neural IntegrationThe process of summing incoming signals​
    EPSP and IPSP are produced continually and must be integrated (sometimes they cancel each other out)
  25. 25EPSPexcitatory postsynaptic potentials
  26. 26IPSPinhibitory postsynaptic potentials
  27. 27Temporal summationnew E/IPSPs develop before before old E/IPSPs are finished
  28. 28Spatial summationseveral impulses stimulate the neuron in many places at once​
    Integration occurs in the CNS
  29. 29NeurotransmittersChemicals that neurons use to signal other neurons, glands or muscles
  30. 30Acetylcholinetriggers muscle contraction
  31. 31Norepinephrine, dopamine and serotoninall help maintain excitatory and inhibitory balance and affect mood
  32. 32Glutamate & aspartateexcitatory amino acids
  33. 33glycine & GABAinhibitory amino acids
  34. 34Ligand-gated ion channels (channel-linked receptors)​Direct and immediate method​
    Causes membrane potential changes
  35. 35G Protein-linked receptors​Indirect and slow​
    G protein activation causes a cascading effect of reactions
  36. 36Neural Circuits​Neurons are organized in the CNS into neural networks which are made up of neural circuits​
  37. 37Convergencea single neuron is controlled by many incoming signals
  38. 38Divergencea single neuron stimulates many postsynaptic neurons
  39. 39Reverberating circuitneuron stimulates itself or there is an interneuron present (positive feedback mechanism)
  40. 40brain ventriclesRun continuously with each other and the spinal cord, filled with CSF and lined by ependymal cells​
    Paired lateral ventricles located deep within the cerebrum, separated from each other by the septum pellucidum​
    They communicate with the medial third ventricle via the interventricular foramen​
    Then through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle which leads to the central canal (spinal cord)​
    Three openings (apertures) in the fourth ventricle connect to the subarachnoid space
  41. 41cerebral hemispheresLargest, most prominent region of the human brain is the cerebrum​
    It is made up of gyri, sulci, and fissures
  42. 42GyriRidges
  43. 43Sulcifurrows/grooves
  44. 44Fissuresdeeper grooves
  45. 45Longitudinal fissureseparates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
  46. 46Transverse cerebral fissureseparates cerebrum from cerebellum
  47. 47Four major lobes of each cerebral hemispherefrontal, parietal, temporal and occipital​
    A fifth lobe called the insula is located deep within the brain
  48. 48MAJOR AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX - MOTOR AREAS​Primary (somatic) motor cortex​, Premotor cortex, Broca’s area, Frontal eye field
  49. 49Primary (somatic) motor cortex​Located in precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe​
    Large neurons called pyramidal cells allow for conscious control of skeletal muscles
  50. 50Premotor cortexLocated anterior to the precentral gyrus​
    Controls learned motor skills (ex. playing guitar or typing)
  51. 51Broca’s areaLocated below premotor cortex​
    Controls ability to speak (directs speech muscles)
  52. 52Frontal eye fieldLocated above Broca’s area, controls voluntary eye muscles
  53. 53Primary somatosensory cortexLocated in postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe​
    Involved in sensing touch and position (spatial discrimination)
  54. 54Somatosensory association cortex​Located posterior to the primary somatosensory region​
    Integrates sensory information received from primary area and interprets it​
    Allows you to understand what is being felt
  55. 55Primary visual areas​ of cerebral cortexLocated at the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe​
    Receives the visual information from the retina​
    Visual association area surrounds the primary visual cortex​
    Interprets all visual stimuli (color, shape, recognition,etc)
  56. 56Primary auditory areas of cerebral cortexLocated in the temporal lope​
    Receives sound information from inner ear​
    Auditory association area is located posteriorly to the primary auditory cortex and interprets what you hear
  57. 57Primary olfactory areas of cerebral cortexLocated at the medial aspect of temporal lobe​
    Receives information from smell receptors in the nose and interprets what you are smelling​
    Greatly associated with the limbic system (which comes from the primitive rhinencephalon) and is the brain’s “emotion center”
  58. 58Gustatory cortexLocated in the insula (deep to the temporal lobe)​
    Receives information from taste receptors
  59. 59Visceral sensory area​Located in the cortex of the insula​
    Conscious reception of visceral sensations
  60. 60Vestibular cortex​Conscious awareness of balance, possibly located in insula
  61. 61Prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)Located in the frontal lobe​
    Most complex, it is involved with intellect, cognition, memory, judgment, reasoning, planning and personality
  62. 62Posterior association area​Located in parts of the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes​
    Involved in pattern recognition and integrating all types of sensory inputs​
    Includes Wernicke’s area which is involved in understanding written and spoken language
  63. 63lateralizationThe division of labor among the two cerebral hemispheres​
    In most people the left hemisphere has greater control over language and logic and the right controls visual/spatial, emotional, artistic and musical skills​
    Most people with left-side dominance are right handed and about 10% of people are right-side dominant (left handed)​
    Gray matter – unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites (external)
  64. 64cerebral white matterResponsible for communication between the areas of the cerebrum and between the cerebral cortex and the lower CNS​
    Organized as nerve fibers bundled into tracts
    White matter – myelinated axons (internal)​
  65. 65Commissuresfibers of brain that connect the gray areas of the left and right hemispheres (the corpus callosum is the largest of these)
  66. 66Association fibersfibers of brain that connect parts of the same hemisphere​
  67. 67Projection fibersrun vertically to connect the upper and lower parts of the CNS
  68. 68ThalamusForms the superior lateral walls of the third ventricle​
    Located very deep and comprises 80% of the diencephalon​
    Essentially is a relay center for the information coming into the cerebral cortex (sorts and edits information)
  69. 69HypothalamusForms the inferior lateral walls of the third ventricle and caps brainstem​
    Major homeostatic part of the brain despite its tiny size​
  70. 70Other important regions surround the hypothalamus​Optic chiasma
    Mammillary bodies
    Infundibulum
  71. 71Optic chiasmawhere the optic nerves cross each other
  72. 72Mammillary bodiesrelay centers for olfaction
  73. 73Infundibulumconnects hypothalamus to pituitary gland
  74. 74EpithalamusForms the roof of the third ventricle​
    Where the pineal gland is located (involved in sleep)
  75. 75Superior cerebellar pedunclesconnect to midbrain
  76. 76Middle cerebellar pedunclesconnect to pons
  77. 77Inferior cerebellar pedunclesconnect to medulla
  78. 78AmygdalaRecognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, danger and causes a fear response
  79. 79Cingulate gyrusHelps us express our emotions through gestures and helps us deal with frustration
  80. 80the limbic systemThe emotional center of the brain, Hypothalamus is also involved in regulating emotions, affects the body physically ​
    Limbic association with the prefrontal areas link our emotions with our thoughts​
    Association with olfaction areas also important​
    Hippocampus and amygdala – involved in emotional memory
  81. 81reticular activating systemThe reticular formation in the brain extends the length of the brain stem​
    This system keeps the cerebrum active and alert​
    Also helps to filter out sensory inputs so that they do not become over-whelming (repetitive or weak signals are ignored)​
    LSD interferes with this function​
    Inhibited by the sleep centers, severe injury to the RAS results in coma​
  82. 82Alpha wavesmost regular indication of activity
  83. 83Beta wavesheightened mental activity
  84. 84Theta and delta wavescertain stages of sleep
  85. 85Normal sleepnon-REM sleep
  86. 86Declarative memoryfactual memory
  87. 87Procedural memoryskills (playing piano)
  88. 88Motor memoryphysical activity (riding a bike)
  89. 89Nondeclarative memoryProcedural memory – skills (playing piano)​
    Motor memory – physical activity (riding a bike)​
    Emotional memory
  90. 90Dura mater2 fused layers of fibrous c.t.
  91. 91Arachnoidbeneath it is the subarachnoid space
  92. 92Pia materthin layer with blood vessels that wraps the brain (like plastic wrap)
  93. 93Concussionalteration in brain function due to blow to the head
  94. 94Subdural hemorrhagebleeding from brain’s blood vessels
  95. 95Cerebral edemaswelling of the brain (can also be from infectious causes)
  96. 96Alzheimer’s diseasedegenerative brain disease that progresses to dementia​
  97. 97Parkinson’s diseasedopamine-releasing neurons deteriorate
  98. 98Huntington’s diseasedominant genetic disorder in which protein deposits cause brain tissue death
  99. 99Epilepsyseizure disorders​
    Can be caused by brain injury, tumors or genetics
  100. 100Syncopefainting
  101. 101Comatotal unresponsiveness to stimuli
  102. 102Narcolepsyfalling into REM sleep abruptly
  103. 103Insomniachronic inability to sleep
  104. 104Sleep apneastop breathing during sleep
  105. 105Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)stroke
  106. 106Transient ischemic attack (TIA)mini-stroke
  107. 107Hydrocephalusexcess accumulation of CSF
  108. 108Decussationcrossing of pathways
  109. 109Relaychains of neurons
  110. 110Somatotopyprecise spatial relationship
  111. 111Symmetrypaired (left/right)
  112. 112First-order neuronsReside in dorsal root ganglion​
    Transmit impulses from skin & other somatosensory regions of body to the brainstem
  113. 113Second-order neurons​Reside in the dorsal horn​
    Transmit impulses to the thalamus & cerebellum
  114. 114Third-order neuronsReside in the thalamus​
    Transmit impulses to the cerebrum
  115. 115Trauma often leads to sensory loss or motor function loss (i.e. paralysis)​Transection between T1 and L1 vertebra often results in paraplegia​
    Cervical injury often results in quadriplegia
  116. 116Poliomyelitis (polio)Viral destruction of the ventral horn motor neurons​
    Initial symptoms are flu-like, later symptoms are paralysis and muscle atrophy (weakness)​
    Death occurs from respiratory paralysis or cardiac arrest
  117. 117ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)a.k.a. Lou Gehrig’s disease​
    Progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons​
    Cause unknown
  118. 118Lateral & ventral corticospinalFrom cerebrum to spinal cord nerves to skeletal muscle
    Direct (Pyramidal)
  119. 119TectospinalTurns neck so eyes can follow objects
  120. 120VestibulospinalMaintaining balance during movement
  121. 121ReticulospinalInvolved in visceral motor functions
  122. 122Descending pathwaysThe descending tracts are the pathways by which motor signals are sent from the brain to lower motor neurones. The lower motor neurones then directly innervate muscles to produce movement.
  123. 123Ascending pathwayA nerve pathway that goes upward from the spinal cord toward the brain carrying sensory information from the body to the brain.
  124. 124Afferentconducting or conducted inward or toward something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied).
  125. 125Efferentconducted or conducting outward or away from something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied).
  126. 126dorsal rootganglion (or spinal ganglion) (also known as a posterior root ganglion), is a cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve.
  127. 127ventral rootor anterior root is the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve.
  128. 128Schwann cellsalso called neurilemma cell, any of the cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons. Schwann cells are named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann, who discovered them in the 19th century.
  129. 129depolarizationloss of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle or nerve cell due to a change in permeability and migration of sodium ions to the interior
  130. 130repolarizationrepolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential has changed the membrane potential to a positive value.
  131. 131hyperpolarizationis a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative. It is the opposite of a depolarization. It inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action potential threshold.
  132. 132CVACerebrovascular accident
  133. 133corpus callosumThis may seem weird, but your brain works this way thanks to the corpus callosum. Located near the center of the brain, this structure is the largest bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, much like a bridge.

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Anatomy I Flashcards on Anatomy 5# Exam, created by Akasya Benge on 29/03/2019.
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