Flashcards
Spring 2019 Fluids and electrolytes
Cards in this deck (114)
- 11). What five fluid electrolytes are responsible for maintaining homeostasis function?1). Sodium
2). Potassium
3). Calcium
4). Phosphate
5). Magnesium - 22). What five fluid electrolytes are responsible for assisting in the regulation of water balance?1). Sodium
2). Potassium
3). Calcium
4). Phosphate
5). Magnesium - 33). What five fluid electrolytes are responsible for helping to regulate and maintain the acid base balance?1). Sodium
2). Potassium
3). Calcium
4). Phosphate
5). Magnesium - 44). What five fluid electrolytes contribute to enzyme reactions?1). Sodium
2). Potassium
3). Calcium
4). Phosphate
5). Magnesium - 55). What five fluid electrolytes are essential for neuromuscular activity, including the heart?1). Sodium
2). Potassium
3). Calcium
4). Phosphate
5). Magnesium - 6In the regulation of fluids what detects changes in osmolality and increases thirst?Hypothalamus
- 7In the regulation of fluids what releases antidiuretic hormone:Pituitary (ADH)
- 8In the regulation of fluids what regulates water and electrolytes:Adrenal Cortex
- 9In the regulation of fluids what filters and regulates water, urine, volume, and edema?Kidney
- 10In the regulation of fluids what releases BNP when the heart has pressure and increase in volume?Heart
- 11In the regulation of fluids diarrhea, fluids, electrolytes, and NG tubes?Gastrointestinal system
- 12In the regulation of fluids hearing crackles, edema, breathing hard, body temperature, sweat, fever, breathing hard to lose O2?Skin and lungs
- 13In regards to fluid spacing what is a normal state of fluid in the body?First spacing
- 14In regards to fluid spacing what is increased fluids in interstitial spaces (example-pedal edema)?Second spacing
- 15In regards to fluid spacing what is increased fluid in areas of body where fluid is NOT available for use (example-ascites, burns, trauma, and pancreatitis)?Third spacing
- 16What is the movement of water from one space to another space across semipermeable membrane?Osmosis
- 17What determines the directions fluids will move?Osmosis
- 18What will move from lower solutes to higher solutes?Osmosis
- 19What measure of the number of milliosmoles per Kg of water and is the preferred way to evaluate the concentration of plasma, urine, and all body fluids?Osmolarity
- 20What is 275-295 mOam/kg and is important because it indicates the water balance of the body?Normal osmolality of plasma
- 21Hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solution is controlled by what?osmotic pressure
- 22Hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic condition is controlled by what?Turgor pressure
- 23name three body fluids?1). Extracellular fluid
2). Intracellular fluid
3). Intravascular fluid - 24When you have no net movement of fluids into or out of the cells??Isotonic
- 25When fluids are higher in number of solutes (water comes out of the cells by osmosis from lower solute in the cell to higher solute in the fluid?hypertonic
- 26When fluids with lower number of solutes (water goes into the cells by osmosis from lower solutes in the fluid to higher solutes in the cell? (swell the cell)Hypotonic
- 27Tell me about ICF-intracellular fluid:1). The fluid inside the cell
2). 2/3 body water located inside the cell
3). the electrolytes are potassium and phosphate - 28Tell me about ECF-extra cellular fluid:1). Fluid is outside the cells
2). made of interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid)
3). approximately 1/3 of body water
4). the electrolytes sodium and chloride - 29When body fluids and electrolytes help maintain a stable internal environment?Homeostasis
- 301). What is a knowledge of fluid and electrolyte balance?Adaption to keep composition and volume of fluids and electrolytes within narrow limits
- 312). What is a knowledge of fluid and electrolyte balance?diseases and treatments affect fluid and electrolyte balance
- 323). What is a knowledge of fluid and electrolyte balance?Your nursing goal is to anticipate the potential for fluid and electrolyte imbalances with certain diseases by recognizing the SS and then intervene.
- 331). What is fluid volume overload aka hypervolemia?1). Hypo-osmolality less than the normal range of 275-295. So the cell is swollen with too much fluid (that is too little solid for the amount of water or too much water).
2). water excess = cell swelling
3). Hypervolemia means you have gained excess fluid. - 342). What are the signs and symptoms of fluid volume overload aka hypervolemia?1). Lung crackles, SOB, anxious, confusion, wt. gain, neck vein distention, bounding pulse, increased BP, The lab value BNP is High means overload of fluid, HA, peripheral edema, S3 heart sounds, polyuria with a normal renal fx, dyspnea, muscle spasms, seizures, coma.
- 353). What things can we do to our patient that will cause fluid volume overload aka hypervolemia or what diseases will the patient have that causes fluid vol. overload?1). Cerebral edema
2). CHF
3). Renal failure
4). Cushing syndrome
4). SIADH-Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, will increase the water going to your kidneys to release into venous circulation instead of peeing.
5). Long term corticosteroid usage
6). If we push IV fluids to fast
7). A lot or excessive hypotonic IV solution delivered to our patient - 364). What lab value will tell us if our patient has fluid volume overload aka hypervolemia?1). BNP-Brain natriuretic peptide is a protein that tells us we have heart failure. The disease CHF causes fluid volume overload which is what leads to heart failure.
- 375). What is the treatment for fluid volume overload aka hypervolemia?1). obviously, the goal is to reduce the fluid but carefully without messing with electrolyte balance.
a. daily weights
b. I&Os
c. monitor the cardiovascular status and changes (tele)
d. neurological changes and checks, cap refill
e. skin assessments - 386). What is the nursing consideration for fluid volume overload aka hypervolemia?1. fluid overload can lead to dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
2. tachycardia the heart is beating rapidly (because we're anxious??)
3. Cardiac compromise overall-CHF - 391). What is fluid volume deficit or aka hypovolemia?1). "Thirst mechanism is signaled" and the patient is moved to ask for water!!
The hyperosmolality will be a greater than normal reading of above 295 because the cell is being shrunk because water is leaving our cells, they become dehydrated like raisins in our body. too much solid for the amount of water and too little water for the solid.
2). water deficit means the cells shrink like raisins. - 402). What are the signs and symptoms of fluid volume deficit or aka hypovolemia?1). flat neck veins, low BP, wt. loss, thready weak pulse, concentrated urine, the HR is initially high and then low, low, low, cap refill is sluggish, arrhythmias, confusion, general weakness, anxiety, confusion, thirst, decreased skin turgor, increased respiratory rate, dizzy, fall risk, orthostatic hypotension, seizures, coma, and death
- 413). What things can we do to our patient that will cause fluid volume deficit or aka hypovolemia? or what diseases will the patient have that causes fluid vol. deficit or aka hypovolemia?1). Duh, hypovolemia
2). Duh, excessive fluid volume loss from blood, urine, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweat), fever, diabetes insidious, third space fluid (ex., ascites, burns, trauma, and pancreatitis)
3). all of the above will lead to hypovolemic shock and then eventually death. - 424). What lab value will tell us if our patient has fluid volume deficit or aka hypovolemia?none
"Thirst mechanism is signaled" and the patient is moved to ask for water!! - 435). What is the treatment for fluid volume deficit or aka hypovolemia?1). give that patient a bolus of NS or LR (isotonic solution)
2). If they are bleeding you infuse blood product!! - 446). What is the nursing consideration for fluid volume deficit or aka hypovolemia?1). Listen to lungs
2). weight the patient - 45ELECTROLYTES 1). normal sodium lab value 2). What does a sodium lab value tell us?1). 135-145
2). tells us how our kidneys are functioning
a. the kidneys obviously remove the excess sodium through urination.
b. also the gastrointestinal tract-starts with a stomach response "Jake", GI absorbs the sodium from foods. - 46ELECTROLYTES Sodium does what exactly?maintains the concentration of fluid volume excess and deficit between the ECF and the ICF.
- 47ELECTROLYTES What happens when the sodium level drops below 135?Hyponatremia-low sodium or "water intoxication" is where the cells swell causing fluid volume overload aka hypervolemia you gain excess fluid
- 48ELECTROLYTES What are the signs and symptoms of low sodium level?1). CNS, HA, confusion, seizures, restless, irritable, muscle tremors, coma, irreversible brain damage, brain herniation, and death.
- 49ELECTROLYTES What are the causes of low sodium level?A rapid excessive sodium loss from vomiting, diarrhea, NG suctioning, giving too much of a diuretic (caffeine or lasix a high bp med), burns, a wound vac. A pt who has inadequate sodium intake, excessive water gain = low sodium, and various disease states can cause pts. to lose sodium.
- 50ELECTROLYTES How do we diagnose low sodium level?CBC
UA - 51ELECTROLYTES How do we treat low sodium level?1). If we do have hypervolemia or water excess/ swollen cell then we restrict their PO water intake.
2). Yes give loop diuretics like lasix but monitor for sodium loss from the diuretic
3). basically, hyponatremia occurs from sodium loss means were going to give them LR or NS and a loop diuretic. - 52ELECTROLYTES Nursing management of low sodium level?1). monitor sodium levels
2). monitor for neuro (paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, pain and altered levels of consciousness) changes
3). I&Os
4). Acute and serious hyponatremia
means IV fluid of LR or 3% NS to replace sodium electrolyte and requires careful monitoring for cerebral edema.
5) potential risk is severe neuro changes. - 53ELECTROLYTES What causes the sodium level rises above 145?Hypernatremia-water goes out of the cell into the ecf and causes cell shrinkage-dehydration.
"Thirst mechanism is signaled" and the patient is moved to ask for water!! - 54ELECTROLYTES What are the signs and symptoms when the sodium level rises above 145?1). again remember the "Thirst mechanism is signaled" and the patient is moved to ask for water!! (thirst), poor skin turgor, lethargy, seizure, coma
- 55ELECTROLYTES What is the nursing management when the sodium level rises above 145?Treat the underlying cause
1). low sodium diet
2). PO fluids (thirsty patient)
3). IV fluid of NS if due to water deficit - 56ELECTROLYTES What is potassium doing for our patient?1). The intracellular fluid electrolyte helps to regulate the acid-base balance
2). influences the kidney function
3). maintains neuromuscular function
4) potassium is affected by ADH-Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a nonapeptide that is synthesized in the hypothalamus. It has long been known to play important roles in the control of the body's osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, and proper kidney function.
5). Good kidney function is important to excrete 90% of potassium - 57ELECTROLYTES Normal Potassium and EKG monitoring of the patient?1). If the potassium is normal we should have a normal sinus rhythm so therefore a normal PQRST just no U wave
- 58ELECTROLYTES Low Potassium and EKG monitoring of the patient?Hypokalemia-will result in a shal (low) T wave with a prominent U wave.
- 59ELECTROLYTES High Potassium and EKG monitoring of the patient?Hyperkalemia-will result in a wide, flat, P wave, with a tall, peaked T wave.
- 60ELECTROLYTE what is the normal lab value?3.5-5.0 mEq
- 61ELECTROLYTE What does it mean to have a low potassium below 3.5?Hypokalemia-could lead to death
- 62ELECTROLYTE What are signs and symptoms of potassium below 3.5?1). you have cardiac changes
2). muscles are weak
3). legs cramp
4). soft/flabby muscles
5). paresthesia
6). decreased reflexes
7). constipation
8). paralytic ileum
9). Shallow respirations-also called tachypnea, occurs when you take more breaths than normal in a given minute. When a person breathes rapidly, it's sometimes known as hyperventilation.
10). weak/irregular pulse
11). High blood sugar
12). ECG changes - 63ELECTROLYTE What causes a low potassium?1). Low potassium intake
2). taking diuretics (diuretics help increase your BP because you have low BP) inverse with HR
3). NGT suctioning
4). Too much dialysis - 64ELECTROLYTE What are the nursing management to diagnose low potassium? "TU"1). Get blood work
2). Monitor EKG-look at an EKG hypokalemia again will have Hypokalemia-will result in a shal (low) T wave with a prominent U wave.
3). You may need to give Digioxin-Blood pressure support and antiarrhythmic
It can treat heart failure and heart rhythm problems.
NOTE watch out for digoxin toxicity-confusion, irregular pulse, vision changes (yellow vision), low appetite, Digioxin is prescribed for Afib patients. - 65ELECTROLYTE How do we treat low potassium?mild low potassium try:
1). Eat a banana
Moderate low potassium try:
2). giving oral potassium and do not crush med. potassium gluconate 20 meq, potassium citrate
Severe low potassium:
3). Give an IV potassium 10 meq/hr...Never Ever push IV potassium...Never Ever bolus IV potassium. - 66ELECTROLYTE What does it mean to have a high potassium above 5.0?Hyperkalemia-can be moderate or severe and can cause death
- 67ELECTROLYTE What are signs and symptoms of potassium above 5.0?1). fatigue
2). muscle weakness
3). cramps
4). Tetany-involuntary contractions of the muscle
5). loss of tone
6). decreased reflexes
7). abdominal cramping
8). confusion
9). Irregular pulse - 68ELECTROLYTE What causes potassium above 5.0?1). A change in medications
- 69ELECTROLYTE What is the nursing management to diagnose high potassium? "PT"1). Get blood work
2). Monitor EKG-look at an EKG hyperkalemia again will result in a wide, flat, P wave, with a tall, peaked T wave. - 70ELECTROLYTE How do we treat high potassium?1). eliminate the potassium give them a diuretic or thiazide-treats hypertension and edema.
2). Kayexalate med-makes them poop out the potassium.
3). IV glucose and IV regular insulin together so the BG does not drop this also promotes movement of potassium from ECF to ICF (use with albuterol)
4). Give IV calcium to protect the heart muscle
5). Sodium bicarbonate to prevent metabolic acidosis
6). Tele monitoring
7). Strict I&Os
8). Dialysis if indicated
9). low potassium diet
As always a risk for injury, dysrhythmias, and complications are present. - 71ELECTROLYTE What does calcium help me to do?1). Transmission of nerve impulses, makes 2). muscle and heart contractions
3). blood clotting
4). forming teeth and bone
5). muscle contracting - 72ELECTROLYTE What does calcium need to be absorbed?Vitamin D
- 73ELECTROLYTE What does calcium stimulate if the calcium level get low?Your parathyroid gland is stimulated when the calcium levels are low.
- 74ELECTROLYTE Where does the calcium come from?99% of calcium is in the bones
- 75ELECTROLYTE What is the normal range for calcium?8.6-10.2
- 76ELECTROLYTE What can cause low calcium?1). chronic renal failure
2). Vitamin D deficiency
3). Pancreatitis
4). loop diuretics
5). Diarrhea
6). elevated phosphorous (=low calcium because of their inverse property)
7). decreased in PTH-Parathyroid hormone - 77ELECTROLYTE What are the signs and symptoms of low calcium?fatigue, weakness, depression, irritability, confusion, hyperreflexia, muscle cramps, low BP, numbness and tingling around the mouth or in the extremities.
- 78ELECTROLYTE What are nursing managements of low calcium?1). Check for Chvostek's sign (Chvostek's sign is the twitching of the facial muscles in response to tapping over the area of the facial nerve) in front of the ear
2). Check for trousseau's sign (Trousseau's sign is carpopedal spasm caused by inflating the blood-pressure cuff to a level above systolic pressure for 3 minutes)
3). Check lab results - 79ELECTROLYTE How do we treat low calcium?1). obvious to treat the underlying cause by giving oral or IV calcium supplement
2). Increase calcium in a diet-Spinach.
Kale.
Okra.
Collards.
Soybeans.
White beans.
Some fish, like sardines, salmon, perch, and rainbow trout.
Foods that are calcium-fortified, such as some orange juice, oatmeal, and breakfast cereal.
3). Give vitamin D in addition to calcium (absorption)
4). Treat the pain and anxiety - 80ELECTROLYTE What is high calcium?Hypercalcemia above 10.2
- 81ELECTROLYTE What causes high calcium levels?1). hyperparathyroidism
2). Cancers-specifically breast, lungs, and myelomas - 82ELECTROLYTE What are the signs and symptoms of High calcium levels?fatigue/lethargy, neurological changes, depressed reflexes, Nausea and vomiting, bone pain, kidney stones, EKG changes that make dysrhythmias/Arrhythmia (same), a coma
- 83ELECTROLYTE What is the nursing management for high calcium?1). Increase your fluid intake 1-4L/24hr
2). Excretion of calcium by using a loop diuretic
3). IV hydration with NS or LR
4). a low calcium diet
5). biophosphonates-prevent the loss of bone density, used to treat osteoporosis
6). Synthetic calcitonin
7). dialysis in life threatening situations - 84ELECTROLYTE What is the risk of injury for high calcium levels?Potential complications of dysrhythmias
- 85ELECTROLYTE What does the electrolyte phosphate/phosphorous due for us?This electrolyte "funny" has an inverse relationship with calcium. A high phosphate means a low calcium, and low calcium means a high phosphate. It is an electrolyte involved in the acid base buffering.
2). It is important for ATP production and the cellular uptake of glucose/sugar
3). metabolizes carbs, proteins, and fat
4). maintenance requires adequate renal fx
5). It is essential to muscle, RBCs and the nervous system.
"seems the most important oddly" - 86ELECTROLYTE What is the normal phosphorous range?2.4-4.4
- 87ELECTROLYTE What causes low phosphate levels that are below 2.2?1). malnutrition
2). parenteral nutrition (TPN) feedings
3). ETOH withdraws
4). PO Antacids
5). Respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation, anxiety, etc)
5). Getting sugar and insulin treatments - 88ELECTROLYTE What are the signs and symptoms that phosphate levels are below 2.2?1). CNS changes, muscle weakness, dysrhythmias, seizure, osteomalacia, hypercalcemia (inverse), all of these can lead to death
- 89ELECTROLYTE What are the nursing managements for phosphate levels that are below 2.2?1). oral phosphorous supplement
2). nutritional ingestion of foods high in phosphorous: meats, poultry, fish, nuts, beans and dairy products, dark colas, dark chocolate, dry seeds, dry fruits
3) IV admin of sodium or potassium phosphate - 90ELECTROLYTE What causes hyperphosphatemia or phosphate levels greater than 4.4?1). renal failure
2). phosphate enemas
3). excessive ingestion of too much phosphate
4). rhabdomyolysis-Rhabdomyolysis is a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury. It results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream.
5). tumor lysis syndrome-Tumor lysis syndrome is a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication during the treatment of cancer, where large amounts of tumor cells are killed off (lysed) at the same time by the treatment, releasing their contents into the bloodstream.
6). hypoparathyroidism
7). Vitamin D intoxication
8). Sickle cell anemia
9). Hyperthermia-body temp is above normal - 91ELECTROLYTE What are the signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia or phosphate levels greater than 4.4?1). hypocalcemia (fatigue, weakness, depression, irritability, confusion, hyperreflexia, muscle cramps, low BP, numb/tingling around mouth or in their extremities, tetany, chovsteks' sign, or Trousseaus' sign, seizures, EKG changes
- 92ELECTROLYTE What are the nursing managements of hyperphosphatemia or phosphate levels greater than 4.4?1). Identify and treat the underlying causes
2). restrict food and fluids containing phosphorous (meats, poultry, fish, nuts, beans and dairy products, dark colas, dark chocolate, dry seeds, dry fruits)
3). Take oral phosphate binding agents
4). correct hypocalcemia conditions - 93ELECTROLYTE What does magnesium do for our patient?magnesium is the second intracellular fluid after potassium and is mostly found in the bone.
The kidneys and intestines are important regulators of magnesium. - 94ELECTROLYTE What is the normal range for magnesium?1.5-2.5
- 95ELECTROLYTE What causes hypomagnesemia less than 1.5?Diarrhea, vomiting, chronic alcoholism, malabsorption syndrome, NGT suctioning, hyperaldosteronism, increased urine output, hyperglycemia, malnutrition, PPI therapy-Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce the production of acid in the wall of the stomach (that produces acid) thereby preventing ulcers and assists in the healing of ulcers
- 96ELECTROLYTE What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia less than 1.5?CNS changes, confusion, cramps, tremors, seizures, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, increased HR/BP, and dysrhythmias
- 97ELECTROLYTE What is the nursing management of hypomagnesemia less than 1.5?1). treat the underlying cause
2). Oral supplements
3). Increase the dietary intake of magnesium-Whole Wheat, Spinach, Quinoa Almonds, Cashews, and Peanuts, Dark Chocolate, Black Beans, Edamame, Avocado, Tofu, Cultured Yoghurt
4). IV magnesium when severe (if we give magnesium too fast the pt could have cardiac and respiratory distress)
5). Tele monitoring - 98ELECTROLYTE What causes hypermagnesemia greater than 2.5?Renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, too much magnesium, tumor lysis, hypothyroidism, metastatic bone disease, antacid intake, laxative usage, and too much maalox.
- 99ELECTROLYTE What are signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia greater than 2.5?fatigue, lethargy, drowsiness, N, V, loss of deep tendon reflexes, flushed skin, urinary retention, decreased HR and BP, respiratory and cardiac arrest
- 100ELECTROLYTE What are the nursing managements for hypermagnesemia greater than 2.5?Prevention
emergency treatment with IV gluconate
Fluids NS/LR to promote urinary excretion
Diuretics
Dialysis - 101ELECTROLYTE What are nursing recommendations for hypermagnesemia greater than 2.5?Educate the patient about PPI usage, antacid usage, maalox usage, and laxative usage leading to cause hypermagnesmia.
- 102LABS What are we testing for with a BMP-basic metabolic panel? 7 chem panel"CGSPCBC"
1). calcium
2). Glucose
3). Sodium
4). Potassium
5). Chloride
6). BUN
7). Creatinine - 103LABS What are we testing for with a CMP-complete metabolic panel? 12 chem panel"CGATPSPCCBCAAAB"
1). Calcium
2). Glucose
3). Albumin
4). Total Protein
5). Sodium
6). Potassium
7). CO2
8). Chloride
9). BUN
10). Creatinine
11). ALP
12). AST (SGOT)
13). Bilirubin - 104LABS Why do we need to measure a urine specific gravity and the solutes in urine?Increased urine specific gravity means dehydration, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea is happening in our patient.
- 105ELECTROLYTES AND FLUIDS What are the functions of potassium?ICF maintains neuromuscular function and cardiac conduction.
- 106ELECTROLYTES AND FLUIDS What effect does a potassium deficit have on a client taking digitalis products?1). Risk for toxicity, Digoxin can impair entry of potassium into the cell resulting in a higher extracellular fluid potassium concentration.
2). Signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity are confusion, irregular pulse, vision changes-yellow, low appetite. - 107ELECTROLYTES AND FLUIDS What is the maximum amount of potassium chloride that can be safely administered in the IV and in what dilution?10 mEq/hr, always dilute with potassium never give a concentrated dilution.
- 108ELECTROLYTES AND FLUIDS Is KCL ever given IV push? Do you have to use a pump?1). potassium is never given IV push
2). yes always use a pump never bolus potassium. - 109ELECTROLYTES AND FLUIDS Why is there a difference between moderate and severe manifestations in potassium excess?1) moderate: fatigue has confusion, tetany, muscle cramps, paresthesia, and weakness
2). High: as the potassium increases there is a loss of muscle tone and weakness and paralysis of the skeletal muscles including the respiratory muscle which can lead to respiratory arrest. - 110ELECTROLYTES AND FLUIDS What effects on EKG does hypokalemia and hyperkalemia have?Hypokalemia: is "TU": shallow T wave with a prominent U wave
Hyperkalemia is "PT": flat wide P wave and a tall, peaked, T wave - 111ELECTROLYTES AND FLUIDS How does fluid volume deficit differ from dehydration?1). Fluid volume deficit-is accompanied by loss of one or more electrolytes sodium and potassium occur with abnormal body fluid loss (diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, and polyuria)
2). Dehydration-refers to a loss of water only - 112ELECTROLYTES AND FLUIDS How can a client with ascites have a fluid volume deficit?The fluid is trapped where it is difficult or impossible for it to move back into the cells or blood vessels.
- 113Why are the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and BUN affected with volume excess deficit?(HIGH) Volume deficit: BUN, HH are high, the plasma is high, the osmolality is high
(LOW) Volume excess: BUN, HH are low, plasma is low, osmolality low. - 114What is aldosterone and what role does it play in the renal system?Aldosterone stimulates the absorption of sodium by the kidney's and so regulates the water and salt balance.