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Flashcards

GPHY250

Emma B English 136 cards

Cards in this deck (136)

  1. 1Canada (6):9,984,670 sq km
    2nd largest country
    1rst largest country with 1shared border
    202,080 km of coastline
    9% of territory is water
  2. 2Mount Logan5959m
  3. 3Population:37 million
  4. 4Urban population81.4%
  5. 5Ecumene:90% of the population is within 160 km of the US border
  6. 6Regions (6):Atlantic
    Quebec
    Ontario
    Prairies
    British Columbia
    Northern
  7. 7Location="a fixed point or geographic area on the Earth's surface"
  8. 8Place="Locations become places when they are charged with meaning"
  9. 9Scale=difference in the size of a spatial unit of analysis
  10. 10Physiographic regions (7):Oldest to youngest:
    Canadian Shield
    Apalachian Uplands, Artic Lands
    Interior Plains
    Cordillera
    St Lawrence Lowlands
    Hudson Bay Lowlands
  11. 11Late Winsconsin ice advance in:30,000 BP
  12. 12Lake Agassiz:10,000 BP
  13. 13Castle Creek Glacier inBritish Columbia
  14. 14The Canadian Shield (5):-oldest region
    -almost half of Canada's landmass
    -solidified molten rock (4.5 billion BP)
    -Lowest elevation: Hudson's Bay
    -Highest elevation: Labrodor/Baffin Isl.
  15. 15The Cordillera (3):-mountain ranges
    -Pacific meet N-Amrcn techtonic plate
    -Glaciers feed rivers
  16. 16The Interior Plains (3):-oil and gaz basins
    -rivers and streams
    -ice age glaciers left sediment
  17. 17Hudson Bay Lowlands (3):-youngest region
    -3% of Canada's landmass
    -wetlands/muskeg
  18. 18Arctic Lands (5):-continuous permafrost
    -inuitian mountains
    -basalt formations due to volcanic activity
    -Patterned ground
    -Pingos
  19. 19Appalachian Uplands (3):-ocean bays and harbours
    -remnants of 500 million y-o mountains
    -submersion of river valleys
  20. 20Great Lakes/St Lawrence Lowlands (3):-less than 2% of Canadian landmass
    -limestone sediment rock+glacial deposit
    -large population
  21. 21Climate=“Average weather conditions for a specific place or region based on past weather over a very long period of time.”
  22. 22Weather=“The current state of the atmosphere with
    a focus on weather conditions that affect people living in a particular place for a relatively short period of time.”
  23. 23Climatic zones (7):-Atlantic
    -Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence
    -Prairies
    -Cordillera
    -Pacific
    -Subarctic
    -Arctic
  24. 24James Bay Hydroelectric project in1971
  25. 25Mount Stephen House in//
  26. 26Banff Springs Hotel//
  27. 27Bridges (3):Union Suspension Bridge
    Chaudière Bridge
    Confederation Bridge
  28. 28the built environment (7):• Dams
    • Bridges
    • Railway
    • Telephone lines
    • Pipelines
    • Roads
    • Cities...
  29. 29Haudenosaunee (3):-formed Iroquois Confederacy in 16th and the 6 Nations in 1722
    -homelands south of Great Lakes/St Lawrence
    -hunted in southern ontario; later settled north of Great Lakes/St Lawrence
  30. 30Anishinaabe (3):-group of related nations including Algonquin, Ojibway, Mississauga
    -Historic migration from Atlantic Canada to as far as the Rocky Mountains
    -fought with Haudenosaunee, drove them from southern ontario in 17th c.
  31. 31Dish with One Spoon Wampum=Agreement between Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee peoples in southern Ontario and Québec
  32. 32The Fur Trade• Tapped into existing Indigenous trade networks
    • North West Company and Hudson’s Bay Company
    • The Métis Nation
  33. 33French-English Relationship (4):• Deportation of Acadians (1755-1764)
    • Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759)
    • Treaty of Paris (1763)
    • Québec Act (1774)
  34. 34The Royal Proclamation in1763
  35. 35The 1763 Royal Proclamation• Outlined the boundaries of
    British and soon-tobe-American colonies
    • Restricted purchases or negotiations for Indigenous lands to the British Crown only
  36. 36Smallpox epidemic in-1779
    -1830s
  37. 37War of 1812 (2):• Indigenous allies were crucial to the British side
    • Settlement of land following the war encroached on Indigenous territory
  38. 38The Underground Railroad (4):• Network helping people escaping slavery to reach northern states/Canada
    • 1793 Act to Limit Slavery: enslaved people became free in British North America (Canada)
    • 30,000-40,000 people came to Canada seeking freedom from enslavement
    • 1834 Slavery Abolition Act
  39. 39Canadian borders and territories at Confederation 1867 (4):-Quebec
    -Ontario
    -New Brunswick
    -Nova Scotia
  40. 4011 Numbered/Historic Treaties in1871-1921
  41. 41other Indigenous issues (2):-buffalo
    -starvation
  42. 42The Indian Act in1876
  43. 431976 Indian Act (8):• Enacted with treaty negotiations in process, without knowledge/consent of I ppl
    • Amendments between 1884-2000
    • Illegal to seek legal counsel; gather as groups; or pursue land claims (1927-1951)
    • Residential schools mandatory for First Nations children (1920-1951)
    • 1969: White Paper
    • 1985: Amended to correct gender bias
    • Today: Indian Act still in force
    • Shift from INAC to ISC and CIRC
  44. 44Reserves (2):• Brought into existence both
    through treaties and the Indian Act of 1876
    • System of land held in trust for Indigenous communities
  45. 45Canadian borders and territories in 1873:-obtained every British territory except the Arctic Archipelago and Newfoundland
    -Canada-US border
  46. 46Canadian borders and territories in 1882:-provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswich, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia
    -territories: prairies districts, North-West Territories
  47. 47Building of the Canadian Pacific Railway in1881-1885
  48. 48the Chinese Immigration Act1885-1923
  49. 49Ban on Chinese Immigration in1923-1927
  50. 50Canadian borders and territories in 1905:-two new provinces: Saskatchewan and Alberta
    -two new territories: North-West territories, Yukon
  51. 51Modern Treaties-James Bay 1970s
    -BC today
    -Nunavut 1999
  52. 52Canadian borders and territories in 1999:Nunavut: new territory
  53. 53GDP=“The value of all final goods and services produced within a country by all factors of production”
  54. 54The economy (4):•Measured by acts and processes that can be given monetary value
    •What is an economic act or not
    •Existence separate from ppl’s lives
    •Treats human beings as rational economic beings acting out of financial self-interest
  55. 55Space=•Territoriality and form
    •Location
    •Flows across space
  56. 56Place=• Specific and unique
    • Mix of physical and social characteristics accumulated over time
    • Relationships
    • Infused with meaning
  57. 57Scale=• Differently sized places
    • Don’t exist in isolation
  58. 58Economic geography (3)=•Examines unevenness
    •Formal and informal economies as well as cultural, social, political, envrnmntl factors
    •Chains and networks operating across space
  59. 59Economies of scale=the more you produce, the less it costs
  60. 60Continentalism=agreements or policies pushing for regional cooperation
  61. 61Capitalism and neoliberalism==main eco-system, driven by profit taken away from labor
  62. 62Development=framework dividing the world according to level of industrialization
  63. 63Globalization=global integration of markets
  64. 64Core preriphery model (4):•Core
    •Rapidly-growing periphery
    •Slow-growing periphery
    •Resource frontier
  65. 65Changes in Canada’s labour force:• Settlement of land, promotion of agriculture
    • Mechanization of agriculture
    • Mechanization of secondary sector
    • Globalization of labour
  66. 66Canada-US Auto Pact in1965-2001
  67. 67NAFTA in1994
  68. 68Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in2018
  69. 69WTO International General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in1995
  70. 70Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement (TPP) in2015
  71. 71Trade (2):•Exports to the U.S.: 76%
    •Exports to China: 4%
  72. 72Canadian economy:-dependance on oil and commodity prices
    -dependance on trade
    -manufacturing going down
    -the knowledge economy going up
    -concentration of labour in the tertiary, or services, sector
  73. 73Unemployment (4):-5.6%
    -going down (except 2008)
    -New Foundland and Labrador: >10%
    -Saskatchewan: <5%
  74. 74Income (4):-median: 50,000 (2016)
    -going up
    -4.6 million ppl (13%) in low income (2016)
    -mostly in female-lone parent families
  75. 75Housing affordability:-bad in Vancouver
  76. 76The environment-agriculture
    -mining
  77. 77“Politics”• “The activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power.” (Google Dictionary)
    • “The actions or activities concerned with achieving and using power in a country or society.” (Collins English Dictionary)
  78. 78Political Geography=“Moves beyond the study of the state to encompass the spatial consequences of power at all levels.”
  79. 79Divisions of power in Canada (6):• Provinces (Ontario)
    • Urban-rural divisions
    • Colonial control
    • Racism
    • Class differences
    • Immigration, borders, exclusion
  80. 80Intersectionality (5)Race
    Nationality
    Sexual orientation
    Gender identity
    Disability
  81. 81Electoral geographies:• The geography of voting (mapping and visualizing votes)
    • Geographic influences on voting (the effect of place on political preferences and behavior)
    • The geography of representation (the analysis of electoral systems)
  82. 82Canada and Quebec•Historic roots of the relationship: British vs. French colonialism, Treaty of Paris, British North America Act 1867
    •Separatism
  83. 83Treaty of Paris in1763
  84. 84British North America Act1867
  85. 85Relationship with Indigenous people (4):-The Royal Proclamation of 1763
    -Historic/Numbered Treaties
    -Modern Treaties
    -2015 report Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
  86. 86Geographies of rights=how are rights spatial?
    Public vs. private space; collective vs. individual rights; the right to the city; international declarations on rights
  87. 87Canadian Charter of Rights and FreedomPart of the Canadian Constitution since 1982
    Guarantees rights of individuals by enshrining those rights, and limits, in the highest law of the land
    Created a social and legal revolution in Canada, expanding the rights of minorities, transforming criminal investigations and prosecutions...
  88. 88Public vs Private propertyprivate: well defined, public: not
  89. 89The right to the city-Henri Lefebvre
    -public and private space
  90. 90Geographies of rights citation:“The competing claims of English and French Canadians focus on the status of Quebec, the claims of multiculturalism are geographically dispersed, while the claims of aboriginal groups are nationhood land claims: Not only are the principles upon which these claims are put forward at odds, but they overlap on the very landscape in which Canadians must coexist (Kobayashi 1993, 223).”
  91. 91Population of Canada:-37 million (2019)
    -Ontario, Quebec: most populated
    -Nunavut, Yukon: less populated
    -7 million people came to Canada through immigration processes (2016) (20% of total population)
  92. 92Country of origin:-1971: British Isles
    -2016: Asia
  93. 93Urban populations (3):-83% of Canadian population is urban (2015). Close to US border
    -In 2011, 90.9% of the immigrant population was living in a CMA (city over 100,000). By 2036: 91.7% - 93.4%
    -more than 50% of the Indigenous population is urban. Been growing (less 10% in 1951)
  94. 94Population of Canada 65yrs and over:15% and been growing
  95. 95level of education:23% university diploma
    17% non-university diploma
    11% trades certificate or diploma
    26% high school diploma
    24% less than a high school diploma
    Provinces: Quebec most educated
  96. 96Mother tongues:English, French, Chinese languages
  97. 97Culture=“the customary beliefs, social forms, and
    material traits of a racial, religious, or
    social group” + politics? race?
  98. 98Multiculturalism=“A policy to protect and promote diversity, recognize the rights of Aboriginal peoples, and support the use of Canada’s two official languages”
  99. 99Indigenous peoples in Canada (6):-pre-contact: 500,000?
    -1,673,780 in 2016 (4.9% of total)
    -60.8% First Nations, 32.3% Métis, 4.2% Inuit
    -46.2% under 25, 6% over 65
    -45.3% of Status First Nations on-reserve (growing s1966), 56% of Indigenous peoples in urban areas (growing s1951)
    -80% in Ontario, Western Canada, and BC
    -Highest proportion in territorial North
  100. 100Stages of relationship of Indigenous ppl with Canada (4)-separate worlds (until 1497)
    -contact & cooperation (1497-19th c)
    -displacement & assimilation (19th c-1960s)
    -negociation & renewal (since 1960s)
  101. 101Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) with the highest population densities:• Toronto (866)
    • Montréal (854)
    • Vancouver (735)
    • Kitchener (546)
    • Hamilton (505)
    • Victoria (475)
  102. 102Urbanization (6):-urban sprawl: encroach on farmland and wild areas, but sustainability in agriculture
    -centers become heat islands, polluted
    -urbans use less resources than rural ppl
    -difficulties of rural life
    -inequalities in cities
    -gentrification and "urban renewal"
  103. 103Transportation (4):• road: important, passenger and freight. Trucking.
    • rail: freight-transporting containerized merchandise/bulk resources to and from ports and US. passenger- VIArail crown co., 4 million passengers in 2017
    • air: top 20 busiest airports: 134.5 million passengers in 2017. Connecting remote communities.
    • marine: main point of entry for
    imported containerized goods, largest: Ports of Vancouver, Montréal
  104. 104Challenges (3):•Long distances
    •Climate change
    •Environmental concerns
  105. 105Mobility=“The generation of movement, the experience of movement and the implications thereof, and the wider impact of movement across a whole range of sociocultural, economic and political milieux.”
  106. 106mobility:-disruptive to communities
    -right to mobility, freedom
  107. 107"immagined communities"because the members of the community won't meet other members
    reinventing the past
  108. 108Limits of nations:Nations have “finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations.”
  109. 109Sovereignty of nations=•Supreme power or authority;
    •The authority of a state to govern itself or another state; or
    •A self-governing state.
  110. 110Critics of Anderson:• Partha Chatterjee (1993): Anderson’s portrayal of nationalism is too deterministic – one cannot assume that European and European-colonial nationalisms will follow the same form in newly independent nations in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
    • Ashutosh Varshney (2003): “nationalism as an idea arose [in Germany and Europe] as a romantic revolt against the universalizing and rationalizing thrust of the Enlightenment”
  111. 111"Citizens Plus"=in addition to the normal rights and duties of citizenship, Indigenous peoples possess certain additional rights as charter members of the Canadian community
  112. 112The 1969 “White Paper”, “Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy":• Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Jean
    Chrétien (Minister of Indian Affairs)
    • Proposed to eliminate any legislative distinctions b/w Indigenous ppl and other Canadians
    • Included abolishing the Indian Act, the treaties, and making the provinces responsible for Indigenous ppl needs
  113. 113The Red PaperResponse to the White Paper, Citizen Plus
  114. 114self-government=-right for Indigenous ppl to govern their own affairs
    -adresses: the structure of aboriginal government, their law-making powers, financial arrangments, and their responsabilities for providing programs and services to their members
  115. 115self-determination=the right to freely determine their political status, away from state control
  116. 116The Meech Lake AccordIn 1987 the Progressive Conservative government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to win Québec's consent to the revised Canadian Constitution — following the Québec government's rejection of it in 1981. The result was the Meech Lake Accord, an agreement between the federal and provincial governments to amend the Constitution by strengthening provincial powers and declaring Québec a "distinct society." Political support for the Accord later unravelled, and it was never put into effect.
  117. 117Multiculturalism (Clarke):“When the Supreme Court of Canada, the Senate, and official boards, agencies, and commissions begin to look like Canada itself, the possibility for racist marginalization of visible minorities should be reduced.”
  118. 118John Ralston SaulCanada as a "soft" country
  119. 119The Komagata Maru in1914
  120. 120Canadian nationalism:•US/British competition
    •Geography and climate: “wilderness,” the North, conquests
    •Literature and art: Nationalism promoted through stories, maps, images
    •Economics: Arts; Tourism, access to wilderness; Consumer culture
    •provincial and regional identities
  121. 121Internationalism“Canada’s history as a non-colonizing power, champion of constructive multilateralism and effective international mediator, underpins an important and distinctive role among nations as they seek to build a new and better world.”
  122. 122Internationalism:-The League of Nations
    -The United Nations
    -NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Org)
  123. 123Naomi KleinLabor exploitation and TNCs, globalization
  124. 124Henry YuCantonese speaking immigration to Canada
  125. 125Citizenship=•Usually determined by law
    •Involves specific rights and duties of citizens
    •Equality among citizens
    •Exclusivity
    •By birth, marriage or naturalization
  126. 126Situations that can prevent a person gaining citizenship in Canada:• Having committed a crime in or outside
    • Being under a removal order
    • Having had an application refused for misrepresentation
    • Having had citizenship revoked
    • Engaging in armed conflict against Canada, while a permanent resident
  127. 127The Treaty of Paris• Determined much of the southern Canadian border with the United States
    • Signed in September, 1763 following the American Revolutionary War
    • “The treaty was signed in Paris by men on both the American and British sides who had, to put it mildly, an imperfect knowledge of the geography of North America”
  128. 128Canadian border conflicts:-Maine/New-Brunswick
    -Great Lakes to Lake of the Woods
    -Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains
    -The Oregon County
    -Alaska
    -The Arctic
    -The N-W corner Lake of the Woods
  129. 129Central and South America (3):• Canada provide marine & air support to the US
    • Patrol the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the eastern Pacific
    • Goal: stop illegal and large-scale trafficking
  130. 130Europe:-Kosovo
    -Ukraine
  131. 131Africa:-Democratic Republic of the Congo
    -South Sudan
  132. 132The Middle-East-Maritime Forces
    -Iraq
  133. 133Asia and the Pacific-Solomon Islands
  134. 134Development=-a process creating growth, progress, positive change. physical, economic, environmental, social, demographic.
    -purpose: rise in the level and quality of life of the population, and the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities, without damaging environmental resources
  135. 135Human Development Index (HDI) (3):-long and healthy life
    -knowledge
    -a decent standard of living
  136. 136Sustainable Development:• 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
    • Adopted by UN member states in 2015
    • Includes development in all countries (not focused on the developed/developing)

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Flashcards on GPHY250, created by Emma B on 20/04/2019.
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