Flashcards
Entomology
Cards in this deck (119)
- 1what about the "polyneoptera" Orthopteriod ordertheir evolutionary trend go from lower to higher termites with small colonies and large colonies that can be from dozens to millions
they are flagellate protozoan symbionts-->bacterial symbionts-->fungal gardens
Damp wood--> Dry wood (make their own water)
Wood--> other sources of cellulose (grasses leaves)
foraging within wood--> forage outside (covered tunnels)
Queen relatively normal--> physogastric queen
Soldiers using mechanical defenses-->chemical weapons and other bizarre strategies - 2Isoptera:Types of soldiers?Gluing soldiers-frontal glands secrete sticky substance
blocking soldiers- use hardened head to close up hole in colony wall
Snapping soldiers - 3What is the ecological importance of termites?Most important in tropics where about 70% of all termite biomass is and 10% of animal biomass in tropics is termites. They are also an important source of methane in the atm where 2-5% global annual methane production as well as greenhouse gas. they also consume 40-100% of dead wood in tropical forests in Australia and africa. They also consume up to 20% of plant biomass in tropical grasslands and savannas where they are a major consumer of dry grass and often consume more than vertebrates. The are also important in soil formation (humification) through their breakdown of cellulose and the mixing of soils through tunneling
- 4What are the 3 major lineages or divisions of the Infraorder Neopterapolyneoptera (orthopteroid order)
paraneoptera (hemiopteroid order)
holometabola (Endopterygote order) - 5what are Paraneoptera characters?They have modified mouthparts with many orders specialized for piercing and sucking. Some still have chewing mouthparts, asymmetrical mandibles, maxillae and labium modified-where the labial palps are reduced or absent. They also have an enlarged clypeus that gives the development of a sucking pump (cibarium) that forms a bump on the front of the head
- 6What is the order psocodea? Thysanoptera? Hemiptera?barklice-booklice-chewing and sucking lice
Thrips
"true" bugs, aphids, leafhoppers, scale insects - 7Order Psocodea CharacteristicsChewing & sucking lice-4 suborders
all specialized ectoparasites of birds and mammals that are around 500 spp. that all lack wings and are dorsoventrally flattened with compound eyes that are absent or reduced-1 or 2 ommatidia
their antennae are reduced to 3-5 segments with large eggs that are laid at 1 time--1 to 10 a day that are very tough and can be cemented to individual hair or feather - 8Additional things about psocodeathey have specialized hypopharyngeal structures for using water vapor. They also are specialized ectoparasites of birds and mammals that spend their entire life cycle on their host(only insect group that does this) they cannot survive more than a few days off the host..they are able to move host to host by close contact. most birds and mammals have lice with the exceptions of monotremes, anteaters, bats, cetaceans, and sea cows being even found in marine diving birds and mammals (seals, sealions)
- 9More things about psocodeathey are a major focus of coevolutionary studies--where there is high species specificity especially site specificity on host (human crab louse) that is found in pubic area and is closely related to lice on gorillas.
the coevolution btwn parasite and hose shows that selection pressure exerted by one species that cause direct, genetically-based change in another species and vice versa. there is cospeciation where the formation of 1 spp. indues formation of another ecologically dependent spp. - 10What about chewing lice?sucking lice?C.L. used to be order mallophaga that was mostly on birds that typically feed on hair, feathers, blood, or skin secretions (keratin) with mandibulate mouthparts and large heads.
The sucking lice are the suborder anoplura that are found only on mammals and feed on blood with highly modified mouthparts with small head and modified legs for grasping hairs - 11Why are these lice economically important?they have an impact on human health an domestic animals. pediculus humanus is the human head and body louse that is less common than it used to be, being associated w/ poor hygiene and crowded conditions such as disease of poverty and crisis, clothes not washed properly, exchange of headgear or combs, and show up in school (6-12m) infestations. their eggs are attached to hair or in clothes (nits) egg to adult is 5 weeks with 3 larval instars with the adults living approx 1 month and feed on blood.
- 12(cont. economic importance?)Pediculus humanus corporis is a vector major epidemics
trench fever(bartonella)
relapsing fever(Borrelia)
epidemic typhus (Ricksettia sp.))
skin infections (impetigo) - 13What about order thysanoptera?Thrips, feather wings that are very small( less than 5.0 mm)
they are closely related to hemiptera with their most obvious feature being wing structure. the venation is greatly reduced and they have narrow wings fringed with long setae which is very common in very small flying insects. their fore and hindwing lock together in flight. - 14What about the hemiptera order?they are true bugs: aphids, leafhopper, scale insects and are the largest order in paraneoptera being greater than 90,000 spp. making them the 5th largest order of insects. they are also a very important group ecologically and economically as they are one of most important groups agriculturally being crop pests or predatory insects that control crop pests.
- 15More about hemiptera?they are primarily defined by their structure of mouthparts that are specialized for piercing and sucking. their maxillary and labial palps are absent with the mandibles and laciniae of maxillae formed into stylets. their labrum is modified to form beak enclosing stylets which provides support. the clypeus is enlarged into a strong sucking pump called the cibarium. they also have a salivary pump for injecting salivary secretions into tissues.
- 16What does the Hemiptera order feed on exclusively?Feed exclusively on liquids, that are rarely detritus. they inert their mouthparts into the plant or animal with their mandibular and maxillary stylets (laciniae) penetrating through tissues. the mandibular stylets chisel their way in. The labium provides support that remains outside tissues.
- 17hemiptera feed continued:The also have 2 canals in their maxillary stylets which is used as a food canal for injecting various digestive enzymes, anticoagulants that are part of digestion that is external.
- 18How is hemiptera divided?Traditionally into two suborders heteroptera and homoptera but since homoptera is paraphyletic is now divided in 4 suborders: heteroptera"true bugs", Coleorryhnca-obscure rare group of small insects, sternorrhyncha-aphids, scale insects, and auchenorrhyncha-leafhoppers, plant hoppers, cicadas.
- 19Talk about the suborder sternorrhyncha?They're aphids, whiteflies, scale insects that have membranous fore and hindwings that are held roof-like over the abdomen. many species with apterous females that alternate generations of winged and apterous morphs w/ some spp. always apterous.
They are all plant feeders with extremely long stylets that are typically longer than boy and coiled up into head that inserted deep into plant tissues and are difficult to extract quickly. - 20What about the suborder Auchorrhyncha?They are your cicadas, treehoppers, leafhoppers, planthoppers, spittlebugs and Fulgorids. Many of these spp. have leathery forewings at rest- they are held roof like over the abdomen. antenna aristate and are all plant feeders. They escape predators using a variety of mechanisms by imitating vertebrate predators and startle response.
- 21What about the suborder hemiptera?Name refers to structure of the forewing called hemelytra. That basal portion sclerotized and leathery (corium) outer portion membranous. Not all have hemelytra. the hindwing is entirely membranous. their wings are also held flat over the abdomen.
- 22What about the suborder heteroptera?Pronotum large prominent. possess scent gland on thorx. they are a diverse group. Found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The are primitvely predaceous that are a secondary development of plant feeding. some spp. are parasitic with birds and mammals are hosts. some spp are scavengers with aquatic detritus in streams and ponds.
- 23What about suborder heteroptera?Important ecologically and economically as they are serious crop pests and important animal parasite but also are know for their sdiesase vectors in plants and animals. They can be important predators of crop pest and in aquatic systems. some are actually used as a food souce ie: giant water bug in thailand and the water boatman in mexico
- 24What about cimicomorpha, the infraorder of the suborder heteroptera?These are your assassin bugs, bed bugs, kissing bugs, and plant bugs that are predators, blood feeders and plant feeders. Miridae ("plant bugs") are . 10,000 spp.
the Reduviidae ("assassin bugs") are ambush predators while the "kissing bug" is south american that feeds at night around mouth and is a vector for chagas disease - 25What about pentamorhpa? (infraorder of heteroptera)These are your stink bugs, bark-bugs, and shield-backed bugs who are primarily plant feeders with some being predators. they have well developed scent gland that carry a distinctive smell when they are handled that is also used as a chemical defense. their scutellum is typically large to very large giving them a triangular tergite btwn wing bases. some spp. show parental care by guarding eggs and young
- 26What are the 3 major linages/divisons of Infraclass neoptera?Polyneoptera
paraneoptera
holometabola - 27What about holometabola?They are the largest neopteran group consisting of 85% of all insects. their success is due to the development of a pupal stage that allows for complete metamorphosis showing a dramatic transition in structure from larval to adult stage. this allowed extreme diversification of insects.
- 28What is hemi metabolous development?Egg to larva to adult. some paraneoptera (thrips) have "pupal" stage, but transition is not very dramatic
- 29What about homometablous development?egg to larva to pupa to adult
- 30holometabolous developmentthe adult structures such as wings are not apparent in holometabolous larvae. the development does begin but it is internal "endopterygotes"
begins typically in last few larval instars, and adult structures such as leg wings, etc. appear in the form of internal pockcts of epidermal cells "imaginal disks" - 31More about holometabolous development or more specifically imaginal disksthese disks are initially thickened area of larval epidermal cells that forms pocket-like structure that is called a peripodial cavity. the adult appendages develop partly "invaginated" within disk. at molt to pupal sate, structures get everted and undergo rapid development. the growth and development is complete when the pupa molts to adult.
- 32Whats good about holometabolous development?it is the most important innovation in insects other than wings because it allows selection pressures to work differently on adult and larval stages where the larvae and adults are differentially specialized and are able to do different things and live in very different environments
- 33Holometabolous development (adult vs. larvae)this development is able to reduce potential competition btwn adults in young such as a limiting resource like food or space. the larvae can become specialized for food sources not accessible to adults (inside wood, plant semts, or decaying plant or animal material) The larvae are specialized for feeding and not encumbered by externally developing adult structures. The adult are specialized for dispersal, reproduction and feeding on specialized foods (e.g. butterfly larvae eat leaves while adults feed on nectar.)
- 34Even though the pupal stage origin is unclear what are two main explanations?(explanation 1)1) it originated from some sort of preadult intermediate stage such as the subimago in mayflies. Further development of prepupal or pupal stage such as found in thysanoptera. Holometabola "larvae" = Hemimetabola larva. it also resolves divergent selection on adult and larval stages.
- 35Even though the pupal stage origin is unclear what are two main explanations?(explanation 2)2) pupae in holometabolous insects is homologous with larvae in hemimetabolous insects. This is because you see "larva" in holometabolous insects actually evolutionary elaboration of "prolarva" that is very short lived with generally unsclerotized stage following hatching of egg in Odonates and some Orthopteroid insects. it also more commonly occurs within egg as late embryonic stage that does feed and legs and eyes are not well developed on the prolarva. the rentention of prolarva facilitated living within plants and wet decaying material where there were minimal appendages and no wing pad. their larval instars were also reduced to 1
- 36In holometabolous dev. what are the types of pupae?Obtect-appendages glued to body
exarate- appendages free and mandibles may be free an used to cut way out of pupal case (decticous) mandibles not movable (adecticous) - 37In holometabolous dev. what common characteristics do the larval forms share?short antennae (1-3 segments)
most w/ biting mouthparts
if thoraic legs present they are simple: one segment w/ claw - 38Larval form: oligopodThoracic legs w/ no prolegs
2 main types:
Campodeiform-they are well sclerotized,active with well developed antennae, cerci and are generally predators or scavengers.
Scarabaeiform:
grubs that have usual 'C' shape being sluggish and often burrowing and poorly sclerotized. - 39Larval form:polypodThoraic legs and abdominal prolegs
eruciform---caterpillar like
head sclerotized, thorax and abdomen soft
herbivores - 40Larval form:apodousLack thoraic appendages, may have thoraic and abdominal prolegs with varying degress of reduction in head (eucephalous, Hemicephalous"head=retractable"
acephalous=head reduced to hooks, maggots - 41What are the 4 main lineages holometabola is divided into?Order Coleoptera:beetles
"neuropterida" orders:
rhaphidioptera-snakeflies
megaloptera-dobsonflies,fishflies
neuroptera-lacewings
Order Hymenoptera: bees wasps, ants, sawflies
"panorpida" orders:
order mecoptera-scorpionflies
order siphonoptera:fleas
order diptera: true flies
Order tricoptera: caddisflies
Order lepidoptera:butterflies
Order strepsiptera?: twisted wing parasites - 42Talk about order: coleopteraAre beetles that are the largest order of organisms where 350,000 spp described with over 500 families.
1 in 4-5 named spp of everything is a beetle.
many undescirbed spp.
40-50% of all insects
112 families in N.A.
Oldest holometabola group being 280-230 mya - 43Coleoptera reason for success? Other things?success is b/c of elytra- heavily sclerotized forewings that have lost venation and are not used for flapping flight but can provide lift in some cases. it also protects wings and body with their forewings folded underneath and many spp. with reduced hindwings. some groups even have reduced elytra that look like earwigs.
Have a fused meso and metathorax- typically 1st abdominal segment as well "pterothorax"
the prothorax is free with the pronotum being large, prominent and often shield like. - 44Random Coleoptera thingsThey are found in almost every aquatic and terrestrial habitat. see many spp. in hottest deserts.
some of the biggest and smallest insects ranging from .25mm to 200 mm which is more massive than other big insects.
their larval forms are diverse:oligopodous and apodous - 45Coleoptera eating habitswide range of foods as adults and larvae
-predators
-parasites (internal and external-in nests of birds, mammals, bees, ants, termites)
can be scavengers of dead animals and plants, wood and hair - 46More about coleoptera food habitsthey are herbivores-eat seeds, stems, roots, leaves, flowers, pollen.
wood- live and dead, even dried wood in walls furniture etc.
longest lived insects? - 474 suborders of coleoptera?Suborder
Archostemata
– Primitive wood boring
species
Suborder Myxophaga
– Small aquatic and semiaquatic group Suborder Adephaga 10% of all beetles
» 45,000
spp.
– Mostly predators
» Family
Carabidae
(ground
beetles) one of largest animal families (40,000) spp. Hind coxae fused to metathorax - 48Coleoptera:suborder polyphaga90% of all beetles 315,000spp. biggest family of anything is curculionidae (weevils) w/44,000 spp.
- 49Superorder:panorpida Cladus AntliphoraSister group to Hymenoptera being based on 2 larval characters & DNA
1) leg with 1 claw
2) silk produced by labial gland - 50The "Panorpoid" ComplexReduced or absent ovipositor
muscle connects pleura and 1st axillary sclerite at base of wing
loss of labial palp muscles
basal fusion of beins CuP and A1 in hindwing - 51Talk about cladus Antiliophora. Shared characters?Consists of the Order DIptera, order mecoptera, and order siphonaptera.
Shared characters: reduced venation on forewings, labial palps fused into labellum, and reduction of the pro and metathrorax - 52Mecoptera (panorpida): scorpion fliesDue to their largest family panorpidae
scorpion like tail in male panorpids
common in north hemisphere - 53Mecoptera habitatAdults are in cool shaded areas among low vegetation- the predaceous male (females may be primarily nectar feeders)
Eggs- randomly dropped or deposited in batches in moist depressions on the ground.
the larvae is carnivorous (boreidae) w/ 4-7 instars
2 generations/year 1 if short season - 54How do you identify mecoptera?Mecoptera represent one of the major basic lineages of holometabolous insects
hindwings are not modified in halteres(diptera)
forewings not modified into sclerotized wing covers (coleoptera)
WIngs are not covered in hairs or scales (trichoptera & lepidoptera)
Bodies are not strongly flattened and sclerotized for parasitism (siphonaptera)
Forewings are similar in size and shape (hymenoptera)
Wings do not have reticulate venation, w/ apical forks and twiggings (neuroptera & Megaloptera)
Thorax isnt elongate (raphidoptera-snake flies) - 55Further identification of mecopteraEnlarged rostrum
slender medium sized insects
long filiform antennae
well developed compound eyes
biting/sucking
--larvae usually eruciform
--compound eyes
--biting mouthparts
--thoracic legs
--pupae decticous and exarate
-- all appendages fully developed
Holometabolous as well - 56Scorpionfly infodue to their largest family panorpidae
scorpion-like tail in male panorpids
enlarged rostrum
like wings
550 spp. & 9 fam (95% in 2 Families)--panorpidae and Bittacidae(have elaborate mating displays - 57Mecoptera mating displaysbittacidae-hanging scorpion flies
females are attaracted by a pheremone
food items or saliva balls as a gift
if she reject she flies away
if not she wasts as they copulate (up to 29 minutes for a good gift) - 58Were mecoptera thought to be the first pollinating insects?Early mecoptera were thought to be important pollinators (proboscis with lack of iron enrichment- but no pollen evidence
Extinct mecoptera ranged from 3mm to 28 mm with proboscises to to 10mm long
suggested- body pollinators similar to bee and hover flies - 59Evolutionary importance of Mecoptera?Lepidoptera, DIptera, and Trichoptera evolved from mecoptera or ancestor strictly related to mecoptera
How do we know this?
anatomical and biochemical similarities and transitional fossils - 60What about Mecoptera: Family Boreidae?Closest relative to Siphonaptera
Feed on mosses
adults stout-bodied with long legs and vestigial wings
walk over snow
silken pupal cocoon
able to jump - 61What about siphonaptera?secondarily wingless
holometabolous
2005 spp.
18 families
most through spp taxonomy of any insect order studied - 62More about siphonapterawingless
laterally flattened
obligate ectoparasites
piercing and sucking mouthparts
adults havily sclerotized
Ctenidia
sensilium
Large hind legs with resilin pads for jumping - 63What about Siphonaptera larva?Vermiform--legless
feed on fecal remains of host, exfoliated skin, granules of dried blood excreted by adults
some can be predatory and cannibalistic - 64Siphonaptera:life cycletakes time
Larval Ecology (3 instars)
56% of flea life cycle
cand live in carpet or other tight spaces so flea bombs may not work
Environmentally sensitive
--humidity
--temperature - 65Siphonaptera:host specificity94% feed on mammals 74% feed on rodents
6% feed on birds
Fleas tend to fall into two categories
--nidicolous (nest) parasites
--body parasites
Range of host specificity
--monooxenous 1 host
oligoxenous-hosts from same genus
pleioxenous-hosts from same family
polyxenous-generalist or opportunist - 66Plague(Y. pestis)2 routes of transmission: fleas and aerosolized bacteria
bubonic plague: flu like symptoms with swllen lymph nodes called buboes
septicemic plague: flu like symptoms, DIC, Diarrhea, shock, death within a few hours
pneumonic plague: cough, bloody sputum, difficulty breathing
they can block the digestive tract and blocked fleas can jump from host to host - 67Historic importance of plague?6th century estimates around 100 million deaths
black death caused 25 million deaths or 30 -60% of european population
65,000 epidemic 1665 65,000 died
third pandemic 1855-1948
indian epidemic 1898-1918 estimated 12 million deaths - 68Talk about TrichopteraCaddisfly-travelling "cadice men"
are the second largest lineage of aquatic insects 11,500 spp.
their larvae is mostly aquatic
--breathe through permeable cuticle and or abdominal gills
only some form a tube-case with many suborderhaving a free living larval stage
--anchoring lines, burrowers, silken purse case, saddle case makers, retreat makers - 69Trichoptera larvae and adultsLarvae are mandibulate, detritivores, some predators, with prolegs on last abdominal segment
they are only found in marine environments-- only holometabola to do so beside some chironomids
Adults:mandibles reduced
feed on liquid
wings held roof like
hind wings often shorter and wider than forewings
wings and body covered in setae
well developed compound eyes
tibial spurs - 70Tidbit about trichoptera?case making trichopterans (limnephilidae) are one of the few aquatic sarcophagous insects (flesh eating) generalist can feed on salmon carcasses
might be important in forensics
Why are so few aquatic insects flsh eaters?
-- more difficult to find prey in water than land
crustaceans may have outcompeted insects
degradation is faster in lotic systems
--may be more beneficial to be a generalist - 71Lepidopterasister group to trichoptera
differ from trichoptera in that lepidoptera have scales
have a tubular proboscis
lack caudal cerci
terrestrial (mostly) - 72Lepidoptera facts165,00 known spp. 12,000 in u.s.
Largest lineage of plant feeding organisms
larvae: plant detritus, funagal hyphae, liverworts, and conifer seeds, some even predacious on other insects
Adults: nectar, pollen, rotting fruit, sapping plant wounds, dung, carrion, mud - 73Lepidoptera pollinationPlant signals influence specific pollinators
example:
Typical butterfly- red flower, little odor,landing platform, nectar deep inside flower petals
Hawk moth
-- white, strong sweet odor, no landing platform, nocturnal blooming nectar deep within petals
proboscis extendid via blood pressure
intrinsic muscles-- used to probe long proboscis deep into flower - 74Lepidoptera: General groupingsFeatures coded by: antennae, behavior, wings and if forewings are hooked to hind wings.
Moths: feathery or threadlike, nocturnal, held roof-like over body at rest, yes
Butterflies: swollen or clubbed at the tip, diurnal, held vertically over body at rest, no - 75Lepidoptera Life stagesEgg
Larvae(catepillars): soft bodied, chewing mouthparts, small simple eyes, inconspicuous antennae, 3 paris of legs with 2-5 pairs of prolegs that usually feed on plant tissue
Pupae: usually 10-12 days but up to 10 months or more.. cremaster-anchor some spp., .. chrysalis-hardened outer pupal case
Adults: most live only a few days, others for weeks, some even overwinter as adults. Consist of hardened exoskeleton. abdomen 10 segments, less sclerotized than thorax - 76Lepidoptera:sexual selectionmales and females often mate more than once
sexually mature after eclosion
pheromone most common in moths-- females and males, often triggers males to fly upwind, precise blends can be exclusive to individual spp. Jean henry fabre- 1870s first evidence of pheromone communication in peacock moth
visual cues-in most butterlies
sound
vibration - 77Lipidoptera: diapauseDiapause= state of arrested development--may be the most important adaptation for increased speciation in harsh climates.
this occurs most often in: eggs, first and last larval stage and pupae
occurs during dry seasons and cold winters
some pyroxidae-yucca moths have metamorphosed after 8 to 30 years in pre-pupal stage - 78Lepidoptera:mimicrybatesian-only 1 spp contains antipredator attributes , other mimics it---sesiidae, sphingid caterpillar
Mullerian-both spp. share anti-predation attributes-- monarch and viceroy - 79lepidoptera: chemical defenseMonarch consumes milk from milkweed--making it unpalatable to predatory birds
schizura unicornis caterpillar--when disturbed sprays formic acid from horn - 80Lepidoptera:mimicryDeath head hawk moth: genus acherontia, raid beehives- mimics the scent of bees, emits high pitched sound to appease bees or if irritated
- 81Lepidoptera:crypsisGreat defense against being eaten-- mimic background and disrupt outline (peppered moth and zaretis isodora)
- 82Lepidoptera: evolutiontympanal organs- evolved more times than any other insect order--8 times!
mouthparts, base of forewing, thorax, anterior abdomen
simple- 1,2 or 4 auditory sensory cells
evolved to detect echolocation from bats-- some spp. have a squeak defense
either turn away or perform evasive and erratic flight - 83Lepidoptera: silkwormsilk produced from paired labial glands
function:1st instars disperse by air currents on silk strands
cling to substrate by laying down a silk line as they move
shelter, tunnels, and case formation while they feed
used in cocoon formation preceding pupation
silkworm- only fully domesticated insect - 84Order Hymenopterasister to panorpida,
3rd largest order w/ 125,000 described spp. 60-88% undescribed and estimated 600,000 to 1.2 million
date to late triassic--fossil record to 230 mya - 85What are the 2 suborders of Hymenoptera?Symphyta--sawflies, woodwasps
apocrita--true wasps, parasitic wasps, bees, ants - 86Hymenoptera traitsholometabolous
primitive traits: mouthparts mandibulate, lepismatoid ovipositor
Specialized traits: relatively small hind wings
anal veins on forewing do not reach posterior wing margin
modified protibial spur-antenna cleaner
presence of cenchri
haplodiploidy
parasitoidism - 87Hymenoptera morphology:larvaeSawflies:
Eruciform
chewing mouthparts
well developed head
abdominal prolegs
Bees and wasps: grub like
chewing mouthparts
well developed head
legless/eyeless - 88Hymenoptera: Morphology of adultsmouthparts mandibulate except bees
compound etes
tarsi-5 segmented
hindwing smaller than forewing-hamuli
wasp-waist(apocrita) - 89Hymenoptera: suborder: Symphytasawflies are the basal group
diprionidae- conifer sawflies
tenthredinidae-common sawflies
cephidae-stem sawflies
Horntails: siricidae-wood wasps
most primitive
forestry, garden, and agricultural pests also have a thickened waist - 90Suborder apocritatrue wasps that are sister to orussidae
wasp-waist- 2nd abdominal segment forming petiole
apodous larvae
2 subgroups: parasitica, aculeata - 91Parasitoid waspstrait evolved once (apocrita and orussidae)
-64000 spp.
diptera evolved 21 times, 15000 spp
coleoptera: evolved 15 times, 3400 spp.
74% known parasitoids are Hymenopterans - 92What is a parasitoid?Adult is free living, and the parasite may spend entire life cycle on host. their larval stage develops by feeding on a single host--internal or external, idiobiosis or koinobiosis, parasitic life-cycle may include multiple hosts
hosts is killed
--vs. parasitism - 93Parasitoidism in Hymenoptera2mm to 5cm--some of the smallest insects
important control on other insects--impact all stages
high host specificity-- jewel wasp and cockroach wasp - 94Hymenoptera:Aculeata, three main groups?Modified ovipositor: stinger, offense and defense, injects venom, eggs deposited through opening at base
Effectiveness reflected by mimics-diptera
chrysidoidea: cuckoo wasps, vespoidea: hornets, spider wasps, ants
apoidea: bees - 95Hymenoptera:AntsFormicidae
- 110-130 MYA
12500 spp. est. 22000
elbowed antennae
colonial, highly social-superorganism
herbivores, predators, scavengers: ecologically important and also pests - 96Hymenoptera: BeesAnthophila flower loving
20000 sppp.
branched/ plumose setae
mesotibial comb
modified mouth parts-lapping up nectar
solitary to eusocial
largely vegetation- pollen, nectar - 97Hymenoptera and Plantsco evolved with plants- plant adaptations to attract pollinators-- nectar rewards and flower color/odor
also important pollinators
- 85% of all plants require insect pollination
sphecophily-wasps
myrmecophily-ants
melittophily-bees - 98economic importance of honey beesbee products- honey, venom, beeswax and propolis, brood and pollen
agriculture- 1/3 of all human food reqires bee pollination
commercial beekeeping--200 billion in crop value - 99colony collapse disorderdisappearance of worker bees
- no dead bees near hive, queen and brood remain, honey/pollen cells still capped
drew national attention in 07
causes--varroa mite, viral/fungal infection, cell phones - 100what can we do for bees?plant bee-friendly flowers b/c diversity is important
dont use pesticides
and become a beekeeper! - 101Order Hymenoptera (soluk slides)include sawflies, parasitic wasps, ants, wasps, and bees
approx- 125,000 named spp. that are estimated to be btwn 600,00 and 1.2 mil spp
thought to have arisen in the late triassic then radiated in the jurassic cretaceous, and teritary-- diversification linked to rise of flowering plants
one of the most ecologically important groups--parasites, predators, pollinators - 102Hymenoptera 2 suborders?symphyta-sawflies and wood wasps
-basal families of hymenoptera, paraphyletic group, phytophageous-leaf feeders, borers
apocrita- "true" wasps or parasitic wasps, bees, ants - 103hymenoptera:apocrita eusocialitymost social of all insects with eusociality that has evolved > 10 times in different groups.
three characteristics of eusociality: overlapping generations between parents and offspring living in close proximity
cooperative care for brood produced by 1 or a few related females
specialized castes of normally sterile ot non reproductive individuals
many intermediates in social development exist
perfect group to study the evolution of eusocial behavior in animals - 104Eusocial behaviormost advanced form of social behavior
has lead to tremendous success and dominance of ecosystems by termites, ants, bee--potential for huge colonies that persist for huge colonies that persist for many years
relatively recent for insects--jurassic for termites, cretaceous for ants - 105Why did eusocial behavior evolve so often in hymenoptera?consequenceof genetic mechanism for sex determination?
-- haplodiploidy where females are diploid from fertilized eggs and males are haploid from unfertilized eggs
met with natural conqeuence b/c of this that avg relatedness btwn two sisters w/ same father is 3/4
many spp. of eusocial hymenoptera mate w. multiple males
-- the queen bees may mate with more than 15 males giving an avg relatedness betwee two sisters with different fathers 1/4 - 106eusocial behavior studiesindicate colony structure in bees andants not always harmonious-police state where there are occasional revolutions and murdered queens.
not always endpoint in evolution-evidence for transitions---eusociality to solitary or eusociality from solitary - 107two main routes for the evolution of Eusociality from solitary in hymenoptera?subsocial and semisocial
- 108subsocial route to "eusociality"appears to be the most common route in Hymenoptera and other insects
1) primitive subsocial behavior(parental care) such as building nests and mass provisioning which many insects show
2) Extended parental care by progressive provisioning and removal of parasites
3) some offspring remain and help parents--increase inclusive fitness
4) some offspring remain and forego reproduction--specialized caste structure forms - 109Semisocial route to eusocialityappears to be route for socialitt in some wasps and bees 1.) primitive subsocial behavior (parental care)--building nest and mass provisioning
2.) extended parental care--progressive provisioning and removal of parasites
3.) related or unrelated individuals form communal aggregations--build larger communal nest and rear young separately 4.) young reared cooperatively by members of aggregation--quasi social stage
5.) some female forego reproduction and rear young of dominant famale(s)
--semisocial stage
formation of reproductive and nonreproductive castes
benefit for "non reproductives"--opportunity to reproduce late in season or chance to take- over if queen dies or gets sick----hornets and yellow jackt wasps try to rear own young at end of flight season
6.) some offspring remain and help rear siblings - 110When does eusocial behavior evolve?Ecological conditions that enhance benefits of living together in communal aggregations proably main selective force for development of eusociality
--nest defense
--collection and storage of ephemeral resources - 111What is so special about family formicidae?have the highest development of eusocial behavior with 12000 spp that appeared in the cretaceous and was a common and dominant group by eocene 45 mya
numerically a dominant macroscopic organism in most terrestrial environments with a combined range form the arctic circle to the southernmost tips of tierra del fuego and africa but is not yet in antarctica, iceland, greenland and off of some oslands of polynesia. the individual colonies range from 10's of individuals to millions of individuals. the largest super colony consisted of 300 mill workers and over 1 mil queens making up a 2.7 km2 area. - 112Castes in ants? (Caste 1)all mature adults have two main categories
Reproductives--queen=largest ant that drops wings after nuptial flight and burrow and lay eggs
--males= small winged and die shortly after nuptial flight - 113Castes in ants? (caste 2)workers= monomorphic--morphologically similar but perform different tasks
polymorphic--morphologically specialized for specific tasks: soldiers-defense, various specialized workers for specific tasks---army and leaf cutter ants
repletes--food storage. - 114Other important things about ant eusociality?chemical communication more developed than other hymenopterans
-in air and by trophallaxis
pheromones use extensive kin recognition, food trails, and alarms - 115Ecological importance of antssocial ecology-- move as much soil as an earthworm in the temperate areas and exceed them in tropical climates
--enrich nutrient poor soils where nests of the leafcutter ants increase soil nutrient 16 to 98 time major predators
leading predators of other insects and small vertebrates in many areas i.e. fire ants.
they are also herbivores (esp in rainforest) and granivores--who compete with mammals and birds for seeds (esp. in desert areas.) - 116ecological importance of ants cont.Dispersal agents-- may disperse approx 1/3 of all herbaceous plant spp.
biomass-- amazonian rain forest soil contatin 8 mil ants/hectare
1/3 of amazonian animal biomass ants + termite
and in ivory coast 20 mill ants/ha - 117complex interaction of ants w/ other spp?on farm: fungi.. raise and maintain livestock for food and food products,
honeydew from aphids
insect symbionts include--aphids, scale insects, collembola, plant hoppers, beetle larvae, and lepidoptera larvae...
the ants also provide shelter, transportation, and protection. not all species in nests being farmed-- nest parasite prey on young and adults with some just stealing food. - 118ant complex social behavior?Conduct organized wars for resources and territory -- conspecific and others
capture slaves-other spp
construct complex structure in which they live-- mounds, galleries in wood, underground, weaver ants, sew leaves together with silk-- larvae used as tools - 119Complex social behavior part 2:engage in interactive teaching--only in some mammals, tandem running
ants can count--remember number of steps to food----built in pedometer
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- Flashcards on Entomology, created by elliott.zadow on 13/12/2014.
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