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Flashcards

Nursing- Fluid and Electrolytes

Toby Meredith Bop- Nursing 104 English 85 cards

Potassium and Sodium Pump

Cards in this deck (85)

  1. 1Electrolytescharged ions (cations which are positively charged, NA+, K+ VS anions which are negatively charged Cl- , HCO3)
  2. 2Non-electrolytesNon-electrolytes- Glucose, Protein, Creatine,
    Urea is where ammonia is converted
  3. 3Concentrationhow much of a substance is present in a solution, lots of substance (high volume) means a high concentration
  4. 4Diffusionthe spreading of a substance, usually across the cell membrane
  5. 5Solventsubstance which is dissolved in a solution (solute)
  6. 6Osmosisprocess of diffusion of water across the cell membrane from a high concentration of H20---> low concentration of H20
    -down the conc gradient
    Osmotic pressure of solution to draw H2O through the membrane
  7. 7Filtrationthe action/process of particles in a solution being separated or in a sense cleaned out
  8. 8Tonicity"the state of a solution in respect to its osmotic pressure" - Bing
  9. 9IsotonicEqual concentration of water on either side of the cell
    0.9% NaCl (Saline)
  10. 10HypotonicLow concentration of water inside the cell, ' intracellular'
    0.45% NaCl (Saline)
  11. 11Soluteis the substance which dissolves in a solvent ie. water
  12. 12Semi permeable membranephospholipid bi-layer which is the hub for the controlled transport of molecules in and out of the cell
  13. 13Fluid's role in the body◊Transport molecules i.e. electrons
    used in nutrition, excretion, non-electrolytes and electrolytes
    ◊Temp regulation
    ◊ Lubrication
    ◊ Metabolism
    ◊ Blood Pressure
    ◊Facilitates digestion/ elimination
  14. 14Where is fluid found Compartment IIntracellular
    -inside the cell
  15. 15Where is fluid found Compartment IIExtracellular compartments
    · Intravascular - plasma
    · Interstitial- surrounds the cells
    · Lymph- lymphatic system
    Transcellular
  16. 16Osmotic PressureDependant on the strength of the solution which pulls the H20 through the selectively permeable membrane
    (no ATP used)
    Higher the solute concentration = higher the osmotic pressure
  17. 17Filtration PressurePressure in a compartment which initiates the movement of fluid- capillary osmotic, intravascular and hydrostatic pressure
  18. 18Oncotic pressurePressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma which pull water into the circulatory system
  19. 19Hydrostatic PressurePressure exerted by Gravity pushes fluid from a higher pressure to a an area of low pressure, acts equally within all directions
    e.g plasma proteins in blood vessels exert osmotic pressure which forces fluid to filter out of the blood (filtration)
  20. 20Fluid imbalances; Over hydrationmore water than lytes, water intoxication
    low serum osmolarity and low Na levels
  21. 21Osmolalitydetermined by total solute concentration within a fluid compartment
  22. 22Solute ConcentrationNa+ effects serum osmolality
    K+ glucose, urea determine osmolality of ICF
    Plasma proteins- cause colloid or osmotic pressure
  23. 23Fluid imbalances; Hypo-volemialow blood volume
  24. 24Fluid imbalances; Hypervolemiahigh blood volume
  25. 25Fluid imbalances; Dehydrationwater loss without lyte loss
  26. 26Electrolyte functionscontrol :
    osmosis of water between compartments
    acid-base balance required for normal cellular activities
    · Carry electrical current which allows for secretion/ excretion of the body
  27. 27Location: Electrolytes Na+needs to be consumed daily, usually orally ingested as these are not stored in the body
  28. 28Location: Electrolytes Cl-needs to be consumed daily, usually orally ingested as these are not stored in the body
  29. 29Location: Electrolytes K+are stored in bone and in cells.
  30. 30Location: Electrolytes Ca+are stored in bone and in cells
  31. 31Importance of electrolytes in the body:• Essential minerals used for functionality
    • Movement of water controlled through compartments via the process of osmosis
    • Maintain the acid-base balance required for normal cellular activities
    • They carry electrical current, which allows production of action potentials and graded potentials and controls secretion of some hormones and neurotransmitters.
  32. 32Nursing management of Electrolytes in the bodywatch/monitor the patients
    Output:
    Urine
    faeces- solid or liquid
    Tube drainage
    Wound drainage
  33. 33Management of Electrolytes in the body; Labs• electrolytes
    • Full blood count
    • Urine pH
    • Urine specific gravity
    • Albumin
    • Osmolarity
  34. 34Sodium: Na+ (cation) levelsNormal levels 135-145mEq/L
  35. 35Sodium: Na+ (cation) functionsMajor functions:
    -water balance
    -Transmission of nerve impulses
  36. 36Sodium: Na+ (cation) Hyponatremia Solute loss of waterLow levels of Sodium,
    Low Osmolality
  37. 37Sodium: Na+ (cation) Hyponatremia Symptoms:Vomiting
    Diarrhoea
    Gastric drainage
    Excess H20 ingestion Burns
    Excessive use of diuretics
  38. 38Sodium: Na+ (cation) HyponatremiaN for Neuro
    · Cause brain swelling if excess water
    · Decrease of blood volume
  39. 39Sodium: Na+ (cation) Reverse Hyponatremia using homeostasisAchieve homeostasis by replenishing Na levels with Diuresis
    Diuresis Restricts fluids and suspends vomiting and diarrhea
  40. 40Sodium: Na+ (cation) Hypernatremia Solute gainHigh levels of Sodium
    Higher Osmolality
  41. 41Sodium: Na+ (cation) HypernatremiaCells are dehydrated
    More commonly found in infants and elderly
  42. 42Sodium: Na+ (cation) Hypernatremia SymptomsConfusion
    Lethargy
    Extreme cases- coma
  43. 43Sodium: Na+ (cation) Reverse Hypernatremia using homeostasisTreatment
    NaCl IV
  44. 44Potassium and Sodium PumpActive transport
    movement of Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane using ATP energy, from an area of low conc to high conc of ions. Up conc gradient
    pump maintains amount of each electrolytes' presence inside/ outside the cell.    Potassium and Sodium Pump
  45. 45Potassium: K+ (cation) LevelsNormal levels 3.5-5.5mEq/L
  46. 46Potassium: K+ (cation) FunctionsMajor Intracellular Fluid
    sensitive to small changes in serum of K+ than other electrolytes
    Electrical conduction of nerve impulses
    Cardiac conduction
    Cell Metabolism (glycogen/glucose)
  47. 47Potassium: K+ (cation) HyperkalemiaHigh levels of Potassium
    K for Kardiac
    Extreme cases can lead to cardiac arrest
  48. 48Potassium: K+ (cation) Hyperkalemia Symptoms• Restlessness
    • Intestinal cramping
    • Nausea
    • Vomiting
    • Diarrhoea
    • Muscle weakness
    • Loss muscle tone
    Flaccid paralysis
  49. 49Potassium: K+ (cation) Reverse Hyperkalemia via homeostasisreplenishing plasma K levels by release of hormones
    Insulin is released from the liver Adrenaline
    Aldosterone
  50. 50Potassium: K+ (cation) Factors which affect Potassium levelsSodium-potassium pump
    Acid-base body fluids
    Cellular breakdown due to trauma
    Infection, heavy exercise
    Urine flow rate
  51. 51Potassium: K+ (cation) Low levels of Potassium : Hypokalemia SymptomsNausea
    • Vomiting
    • Loop diuretics
    • Diarrhoea
    • Starvation-->Alkalosis
    • Unresponsive airways
    • Paralysis
    Skeletal muscle weakness
  52. 52Potassium: K+ (cation) Reverse Hypokalemia using homeostasisintravenous (IV) solution
  53. 53Calcium Ca+ (cation) LevelsNormal levels 8.5-10.5 md/dl
  54. 54Calcium Ca+ (cation) Major functions1% of Extracellular fluid
    Vitamin D (sun) needs to be absorbed to active
    • Normal skeletal muscle
    • smooth muscle
    cardiac muscle contraction; blood clotting
  55. 55Calcium Ca+ (cation) HypocalcemiaLow levels of Calcium
    • Ca trapped in the damaged tissue
    • In extreme cases parathyroid is removed- glands found within the throat
  56. 56Calcium Ca+ (cation) Hypocalcemia Symptoms• Burns
    • Great risk of vitamin deficiency
  57. 57Calcium Ca+ (cation) High levels of Calcium : Hypercalcemia EffectsHyperparathyroidism
    Malignancy
    Prolonged immobilisation
    Excessive Vitamin D
    Renal disease
    decreased excretion
  58. 58Phosphate HPO4^2- (anion) LevelsNormal levels HPO42- 1.6-2.9 mEq/L
  59. 59Phosphate HPO4^2- (anion) Major functions:• Transferred from cells by the Extracellular Fluid
    • Acid-Base balance
    Regulates Ca levels
    • Makes up bones and teeth
    • Metabolic processes of carbohydrates fats and protein
    • Cellular metabolism: ATP and DNA
    • Muscle, nerve, and Red Blood Cell function
  60. 60Phosphate HPO4^2- (anion) Hyperphosphatemia: SymptomsHigh levels of Phosphate:
    reciprocal Ca level changes
    • Tissue trauma
    • Chemotherapy
    • RF
    • Excess phosphate; enemas,
    • Laxatives with phosphate
    Hypoparathyroidism
  61. 61Phosphate HPO4^2- (anion) Hypophosphatemia:Low levels of Phosphate
    • Effects of Chronic alcohol withdrawal
    • AB imbalance, antacids = decreased intestinal absorption
    • Increased urinary output
    Hyperparathyroidism
  62. 62Magnesium Mg2+ (cation) LevelsNormal levels Mg: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
  63. 63Magnesium Mg2+ (cation) Hypomagnesemia: Major functions• Uses ATP to operate the Na-K protein pump
    • Aids in muscle contractions
    • Transmits nerve impulses
    • Cardiac function is regulated
    • Blood Clotting
    Protein and DNA synthesis
  64. 64Magnesium Mg2+ (cation) Hypomagnesemia: SymptomsLow levels of Magnesium
    • Diarrhoea
    • Vomiting
    • Impaired gastrointestinal absorption
    • Prolonged malnutrition
    • Large urine output
    • Tremors
    Torsades de pointes - abnormal heart rhythm which can lead to cardiac arrest
    • Increased neuromuscular excitability
    • Convulsions
  65. 65Magnesium Mg2+ (cation) Hypomagnesemia:Caused by:
    • Chronic Alcoholism
    • Severe malnutrition
  66. 66Magnesium Mg2+ (cation) Hypermagnesemia RARE Symptoms:High levels of Magnesium :
    • Lethargy
    • Impaired Central Nervous System
    • Cardiac arrest
    • Diarrhoea
  67. 67Magnesium Mg2+ (cation) Hypermagnesemia RARE Caused by:• Renal failure- poor excretion
    Result of overdosing with Magnesium antacids
  68. 68—Torsades de pointes - abnormal heart rhythm which can lead to cardiac arrestTorsades de pointes - abnormal heart rhythm which can lead to cardiac arrest
  69. 69Bicarbonate HCO3 Primary functionNeutraliser essential for acid and base balance
    carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffering system
    • Extracellular fluid is regulated by the Kidneys
    Kidneys regenerate and reabsorb
  70. 70Factors affecting fluids/ lytes : BAG Body FatBody size
    • Fat cells have no H2O
    People who are bigger however are likely to have more water weight
  71. 71Factors affecting fluids/ lytes : BAG AgeAge
    • Elderly: thirst response is terminated
    • Nephrons cannot retain water
    • Increased risk of dehydration
    • Increased likelihood of heart disease
    • Impaired RF
    • Altered cardiac function
  72. 72Factors affecting fluids/ lytes : BAG GenderGender
    Women have more fat compared to body water
  73. 73Internal effects of fluids/ electrocytes within the body• Changes in body weight
    • Imbalances of intake/output
    • Altered mental state
    • Changes in vital signs
    • Changes in tissue hydration/condition
    • Ab normal muscle tone /tendon reflexes
    • Abnormal sensation
    Altered cardiac function
  74. 74External effects of fluids/ electrocytes outside the body Stress:• increased cellular metabolism
  75. 75External effects of fluids/ electrocytes outside the body Exercise:• weight-bearing-Ca balance
  76. 76External effects of fluids/ electrocytes outside the body Environmental Temp:• Illness and strenuous activity
    • Salt and water lost with sweating
  77. 77External effects of fluids/ electrocytes outside the body Diet:• anorexia, bulimia, malnourishment-low albumin, edema, acidosis
  78. 78External effects of fluids/ electrocytes outside the body Lifestyle:• Smoking, Excessive Drinking
  79. 79Fluid Replacement Isotonic =osmolarity to body fluidsCrystalloids
    0.9% NaCl
    Ringers
    Plasmalytes
  80. 80Fluid Replacement HypertonicHigher Osmolarity
    5% Dextrose
  81. 81Fluid Replacement HypotonicLower Osmolarity
    H20
    0.45% NaCl
  82. 82Fluid Replacement ColloidsAlbumin
    FFP -fluid lost through bleeding or sweating
    Plasma protein function
  83. 83Fluid Replacement Colloid SubstitutesDextran
    Hetastarch
  84. 84Fluid Replacement Blood Transfusions-packed Red blood cells
    -whole blood
    Haemoglobin affects carrying capacity of 02
    Blood groups: A, B, AB, O
  85. 85—

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Bop- Nursing 104 Flashcards on Nursing- Fluid and Electrolytes , created by Toby Meredith on 30/04/2019.
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