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ten
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1what 4 ways do we understand the meaning of text and discoursecombo of:
1. word meanings for individual words (e.g. lexical ambiguity)
2. principle of compositionality (combining meanings with syntax)
3. inferences
4. own skill - 2what 2 things to readers or listeners assume about textthat it is
1. coherent (not random sentences thrown together)
2. cohesive (characters, events, objects etc remain the same) - 3what are people good at remembering in textgist. not exact wording
- 4what are homonymswords that are spelt the same but two unrelated meanings
- 5what are the three models of multiple meaning and lexical ambiguity- selective access
- ordered access
- parallel access - 6what is the selective access modelidea that context restricts access to contextually appropriate meaning (words and context guides you to the meaning)
- 7what is the ordered access modelactivation on basis of meaning frequency, tried against context. more frequent is activated first
- 8what is the parallel access modelall meanings are activated at same time to the same degree
- 9who did an experiment on meaning accessswinney 1979
- 10explain the experiment done on meaning accesscross-model priming; aka reading and listening. heard story through loud speaker and word presented, had to say whether they were real word or no. measure reaction times. probed w word in story and unrelated one. found activation of both words; so activated all meanings but use context to select appropriate one
- 11what are two types of homonymsbiased homonyms
balanced homonyms - 12what are biased homonymsone meaning is more frequent that the other meaning. e.g. port- boat one is more frequent
- 13what are balanced homonymsboth words are equally frequent
- 14what did experiments by rayner and duffy into homonyms findwhen presenting biased homonyms, there was a longer reading time (using eye tracking) on port than soup bc the alternate meaning is so frequent. with balanced homonyms, people looked at coach and cabin for the same amount of time bc they both had context
- 15what model was proposed after the experiment into homonymsreordered access model
- 16what is the reordered access modelmeaning frequent and context both have a big effect. prior context can give contextual boost and increase activation level of one meaning, homonyms can be biased of balanced depending on relative frequencies of meanings. (subordinate bias effect)
- 17what is an inferenceprocess of developing info that goes beyond the literal meaning of text
- 18three types of inferenceslogical
bridging
elaborative - 19what is a logical inferencebased on word meaning (e.g. fish implies it lives in the sea)
- 20what is a bridging inferenceaka backward inference, relates new to previous info. in order to maintain coherence (if 'james driving, car overheated' we assume car is james' bc of new info)
- 21what is a elaborative inferenceaka forward inference. extend the text with your own world knowledge. become part of our memory of text and nearly indistinguishable from original material. e.g. 'actress was gna act but then fell off the building' so we think she is dead
- 22what type of inference is important for eyewitness testimonyelaborative inferences (e.g. did you see a broken headlight)
- 23what are the three approaches to making inferencesminimalist approach
constructionist approach
hybrid approach: search-after-meaning - 24what is the minimalist approach to inference makingsuggest there are only 2 types of inference we make during reading: those necessary for local coherence (connecting sentences next to each other) AND those based on quickly and easily available info (from STM) (basically we dont make all poss inferences all the time)
- 25what is the constructionist approach to inference makingnumerous elaborative inferences are drawn during reading, but is not well supported
- 26what is the hybrid (search-after-meaning) approach to inference makingsometimes we read minimalist sometimes we read constructionist. depends on the goals of the reader (minimal when fast reading or less background knowledge, constructionist when slower and in-depth and reading for enjoyment)
- 27what inference theories does research supportminimal
search-after-meaning - 28what are good enough representationslang processing is often shallow and incomplete; rather than using algorithms to get correct interpretations we use fast and frugal heuristics to arrive at a good enough interpretation (processor hap with reasonal interpretation, most cases its sufficient) can lead to errors!!
- 29what two things do less skilled comprehenders do- draw fewer inferences
- poorer integration of meaning across sentences - 30what three main things are individual differnces in comprehension skills- differences in working memory (can be measured by reading span)
- attention
- suppression of irrelevant or inappropriate material - 31what three times does suppression occur- suppressing the inappropriate meaning of homonyms
- rejecting the incorrect form of homophones
- understanding puns - 32explain the suppression that takes place in suppressing the inappropriate meaning of homonymsexperiment gave sentence then a word and asked if the word related to the sentence. both meanings are activated but more skilled ppl are better at suppressing the inappropriate meaning.
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- PSYCHOLOGY YEAR 2 (2 psycholinguistics) Flashcards on ten, created by Ki Rai on 11/05/2019.
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- Ki Rai
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